Daily Current Affairs for UPSC 5th Jan 2026

Index
S.No	Topic
Daily Hindu Analysis
1.	Where does India stand on acid attacks?
2.	Security camps, the game changer in the Maoist fight
3.	U.S. forces capture Maduro after strikes on Venezuela
4.	Venezuela crisis unlikely to hit India’s energy security
5.	Centre relaxes norms for start-ups to get funds from DSIR
6.	Gandhinagar typhoid surge: 100 hospitalised
7.	Army signs deal to procure long-range rocket launchers backed by Israeli technology
8.	India’s Russian oil imports at six-month high in November
9.	Earthlife is made of space stuff, studies of asteroid Bennu hint
10.	A winter getaway in Assam’s wetlands
Daily Current Affairs
11.	Karnataka sets record in organ donation in 2025
12.	India’s first government hospital-based AI clinic inaugurated
13.	Delhi Police trace over 1,300 missing persons under Operation Milap
14.	Bulgaria joins eurozone

Where does India stand on acid attacks?

Context

The article examines India’s legal, social, and institutional response to acid attacks, using the prolonged legal battle of survivor and activist Shaheen Malik to highlight gaps in justice delivery, under-reporting of crimes, and low conviction rates despite stringent laws.

Detailed Analysis

Understanding Acid Attacks

• An acid attack involves throwing or administering corrosive substances with intent to harm.
  
  
• Common acids include sulphuric, hydrochloric, and nitric acid, causing severe burns, disfigurement, blindness, and long-term physical and psychological trauma.
  
  
• Victims are predominantly women and young girls, while perpetrators are mostly men.
  
  
  

Scale and Trends in India

• NCRB data shows 207 reported acid attacks in 2023, up from previous years, but estimates suggest severe under-reporting.
  
  
• States most affected in 2023 were West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, and Gujarat.
  
  
• Civil society groups estimate actual incidents may be much higher, possibly around 1,000 annually.
  
  
  

Causes and Social Context

• Motives are largely rooted in gendered violence: rejection of romantic advances, domestic abuse, dowry disputes, and suspicions of infidelity.
  
  
• Social stigma, fear of retaliation, financial pressure, and lack of trust in institutions deter victims from reporting.
  
  
  

Legal Framework in India

• Acid attacks are criminalised under Section 124 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, prescribing minimum 10 years to life imprisonment and compensation.
  
  
• Attempted acid attack attracts 5–7 years imprisonment.
  
  
• Courts and hospitals are mandated to provide free medical treatment to victims.
  
  
  

Implementation Gaps

• Despite Supreme Court directives (2013) to regulate acid sales, enforcement remains weak.
  
  
• Police investigations are often delayed or insensitive, and trials are prolonged.
  
  
• In 2023, a large number of cases remained pending, with very few convictions.
  
  
  

Case of Shaheen Malik

• Her 16-year-long legal struggle underscores systemic failures—judicial delays, evidentiary neglect, and institutional apathy.
  
  
• The case illustrates how survivors face secondary victimisation within the justice system.
  
  
  

Suggestions Highlighted by the Author

• Stricter regulation and monitoring of acid sales, with accountability of local officials.
  
  
• Fast-track courts and time-bound trials for acid attack cases.
  
  
• Sensitisation of police, prosecutors, and judges to survivor-centric justice.
  
  
• Comprehensive rehabilitation support including medical care, psychological counselling, education, skill development, and livelihood assistance.
  
  
• Implementation of recommendations of the Justice J.S. Verma Committee, including a national survivor support fund.
  
  
• Greater public awareness campaigns, learning from countries like Bangladesh that sharply reduced incidents through strict laws and enforcement.

UPSC Mains Question

Despite stringent laws, acid attacks continue to be under-reported and under-convicted in India. Examine the reasons and suggest measures to ensure effective prevention and survivor-centric justice.

Security camps, the game changer in the Maoist fight

Context

The article analyses India’s recent success in curbing Left Wing Extremism (LWE), arguing that the establishment of security camps in remote Maoist-dominated areas, especially in Bastar, has been the decisive factor in reversing insurgent control and restoring state authority.

Detailed Analysis

Decline of Maoist Violence

• Maoist-related violence has reduced sharply, with nearly 90% decline in incidents from 2010 to 2025.
  
  
• LWE-affected districts have steadily fallen, now limited largely to Bijapur, Narayanpur and Sukma in south Bastar.
  
  
• The Maoist stronghold of the Dandakaranya region has lost its strategic depth due to sustained state presence.
  
  
  

Why Maoism Flourished Earlier

• Maoists exploited geographical remoteness, dense forests and rugged terrain.
  
  
• Chronic governance deficit, administrative neglect and marginalisation of tribal communities created fertile ground.
  
  
• The absence of the state enabled Maoists to establish parallel governance structures.
  
  
  

Security Camps as a Turning Point

• Establishment of forward security camps in interior areas expanded the state’s physical footprint.
  
  
• Improved police-to-population ratio deterred Maoist mobility and operations.
  
  
• Faster response time during emergencies put insurgents on the defensive.
  
  
  

Psychological and Intelligence Impact

• Visible dominance of security forces broke the myth of Maoist invincibility.
  
  
• Local populations increasingly aligned with the state, creating a psychological setback for Maoists.
  
  
• Enhanced human intelligence (HUMINT) from locals strengthened counter-insurgency operations.
  
  
  

Developmental Spillovers

• Security camps enabled road construction, mobile towers and basic infrastructure.
  
  
• Civil administration piggybacked on the security umbrella to deliver welfare schemes.
  
  
• Officials such as collectors, tehsildars and patwaris became accessible for the first time.
  
  
  

Shrinking Maoist Capacity

• Recruitment, arms acquisition and funding networks have weakened.
  
  
• Large numbers of cadres and leaders have surrendered or been neutralised.
  
  
• The appeal of Maoism among locals has significantly waned.
  
  
  

Suggestions by the Author

Move Beyond Security-Centric Approach

• Long-term success depends on addressing structural governance and rights-based issues.
  
  
• Implementation of constitutional guarantees must follow security gains.
  
  
  

Strengthen Tribal Self-Governance

• Effective implementation of PESA and Forest Rights Act is essential.
  
  
• Development must be participatory, transparent and culturally sensitive.
  
  
  

Integrated Long-Term Vision

• A dedicated regional task force with a roadmap till 2047 under the Viksit Bharat vision.
  
  
• Shift from conflict management to sustainable peacebuilding through civil administration.
  
  

UPSC Mains Question

“Security camps have played a decisive role in weakening Left Wing Extremism in India, but security measures alone cannot ensure lasting peace.” Critically examine.

U.S. forces capture Maduro after strikes on Venezuela

Context

The United States carried out a large-scale military operation against Venezuela, capturing President Nicolás Maduro after air and naval strikes, triggering a major geopolitical crisis in Latin America.

Key Points

U.S. Military Action

• The United States captured Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro following coordinated strikes.
  
  
• Maduro and his wife were flown aboard a U.S. warship to New York for prosecution.
  
  
  

Charges by the United States

• U.S. authorities have charged Maduro with drug trafficking and weapons-related offences.
  
  
• The U.S. claims it will temporarily administer Venezuela and tap its oil reserves.
  
  
  

Reasons Cited by the U.S.

• Migration crisis: U.S. links Venezuela’s instability to rising migration at its southern border.
  
  
• Drugs and narco-terrorism: Venezuela is accused of acting as a cocaine transit hub.
  
  
• Terror designations: Groups like Tren de Aragua and Cartel de los Soles were designated as Foreign Terrorist Organisations, with allegations linking Maduro to them.
  
  
  

Venezuela’s Response

• The Venezuelan government denied all allegations.
  
  
• The strikes were termed an imperialist attack, accusing the U.S. of pursuing regime change.
  
  
• Citizens were urged to protest against U.S. intervention.
  
  
  

Geopolitical Implications

• The action raises concerns over sovereignty, international law, and unilateral military interventions.
  
  
• Potential instability in Latin America and volatility in global oil markets.
  
  
  

Venezuela

• Location: Northern coast of South America.
  
  
• Capital: Caracas.
  
  
• Borders: Guyana (east), Brazil (south), Colombia (west and southwest); Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean to the north.
  
  
• Geography: Andes Mountains, Llanos plains, Guiana Highlands.
  
  
• Highest peak: Pico Bolívar.
  
  
• Natural resources: World’s largest proven oil reserves, coal, iron ore, bauxite, gold.
  
  
• Major river: Orinoco.
  
  
• Angel Falls: World’s highest waterfall, located in the Guiana Highlands.
  
  
  

Source: The Hindu

UPSC Prelims Practice Question

Consider the following statements regarding Venezuela:

1. Venezuela possesses the world’s largest proven oil reserves.

2. Angel Falls, the world’s highest waterfall, is located in the Andes Mountains of Venezuela.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: (a)

Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct. Venezuela has the world’s largest proven oil reserves.
Statement 2 is incorrect. Angel Falls is located in the Guiana Highlands, not the Andes Mountains.

Venezuela crisis unlikely to hit India’s energy security

Context

Renewed geopolitical tensions involving Venezuela and the United States raised concerns over global oil supplies. However, recent data shows that India’s energy security remains largely insulated due to its minimal dependence on Venezuelan crude.

Key Points

Minimal Share in India’s Oil Basket

• Venezuelan crude accounts for about 0.3% of India’s total oil imports in the current financial year (up to November 2025).
  
  
• Such a small share limits any direct or immediate impact on India’s energy security.
  
  
  

Sharp Decline Since 2019

• India has steadily reduced oil imports from Venezuela since 2019.
  
  
• This followed U.S. sanctions and threats of secondary sanctions, constraining trade and payments.
  
  
  

Long-Term Import Trend

• In 2013, India imported nearly $13 billion worth of Venezuelan oil.
  
  
• Imports fell sharply to $255.3 million in the current financial year up to November 2025.
  
  
  

Nature of Venezuelan Crude

• Venezuelan oil is heavy crude, requiring specialised refineries.
  
  
• Most of Venezuela’s current exports are diverted to China, not India.
  
  
  

Limited Global Supply Role

• Venezuela contributes around 1% of global oil supply and about 3.5% of OPEC’s total exports, reducing its systemic impact.
  
  
  

India’s Energy Strategy

• India follows a diversified crude sourcing strategy, sourcing oil from multiple regions.
  
  
• This diversification cushions India against geopolitical shocks in any single supplier country.
  
  

Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

• Established: 1960 at the Baghdad Conference.
  
  
• Founding members: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela.
  
  
• Secretariat: Vienna, Austria.
  
  
• Objective: Ensure fair and stable prices for producers, reliable supply to consumers, and fair returns on investment.
  
  
• Decision-making: One country, one vote; operates on unanimity.
  
  
• Significance: About 80% of the world’s proven crude oil reserves lie in member countries.
  
  
• India and OPEC: India sources around 70% of crude oil, 60% of LPG, 30% of LNG, and 45% of petroleum products demand from OPEC nations.
  
  
• Publication: World Oil Outlook.
  
  
• OPEC Fund for International Development: Established in 1976 to provide development finance from member countries to non-member countries.
  
  
  

UPSC Prelims Practice Question

Consider the following statements:

1. Venezuelan crude currently accounts for less than 1% of India’s total oil imports.

2. India has increased its oil imports from Venezuela after 2019 due to discounted heavy crude.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: (a)

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is correct as Venezuelan crude forms only about 0.3% of India’s oil imports.
• Statement 2 is incorrect because India has cut imports since 2019 due to U.S. sanctions and related constraints.

Centre relaxes norms for start-ups to get funds from DSIR

Context

The Union Government has relaxed eligibility norms for deep-tech start-ups to access financial assistance from the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR), aiming to accelerate innovation and early-stage scaling.

Key Points

Policy Decision

• The Centre removed the mandatory three-year existence criterion for deep-tech start-ups.
  
  
• This enables early-stage start-ups to access government R&D funding sooner.
  
  
  

Financial Assistance

• Eligible start-ups can receive financial support up to ₹1 crore.
  
  
• Assistance is provided under the Industrial Research and Development Promotion Programme (IRDPP).
  
  
  

Objective of the Move

• To accelerate deep-tech innovation and support start-ups before they become self-sustaining.
  
  
• To reduce entry barriers for high-risk, high-impact technologies.
  
  
  

Quality and Evaluation Safeguards

• Despite relaxation, start-ups must meet technology maturity-linked evaluation standards.
  
  
• Funding remains conditional on scientific merit and technological readiness.
  
  
  

Announcement Platform

• The decision was announced during the 42nd Foundation Day celebrations of DSIR.
  
  
• The move aligns with India’s broader push for Atmanirbhar Bharat and innovation-led growth.
  
  
  

Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR)

• Functions under the Ministry of Science and Technology.
  
  
• Promotes industrial R&D, technology development, and innovation.
  
  
• Supports industry and start-ups through funding schemes like IRDPP.
  
  
• Acts as a key institutional pillar in strengthening India’s research–industry linkage.
  
  
  

UPSC Prelims Practice Question

Consider the following statements:

1. DSIR functions under the Ministry of Science and Technology.

2. Under the Industrial Research and Development Promotion Programme, DSIR provides financial assistance only to start-ups that have completed at least three years of operation.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: (a)

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct as DSIR is under the Ministry of Science and Technology.

Statement 2 is incorrect because the three-year existence criterion has been removed for deep-tech start-ups.

Gandhinagar typhoid surge: 100 hospitalised

Context

A surge of suspected typhoid cases in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, has led to the hospitalisation of over 100 people, prompting emergency public health measures amid reports of unsafe water supply.

Key Points

Current Situation

• 104 patients, including children, admitted to Gandhinagar Civil Hospital with suspected typhoid.
  
  
• A team of 22 doctors constituted to manage treatment and containment.
  
  
  

Administrative Response

• Senior district officials directed to assess the situation and ensure food and basic facilities for patients’ families.
  
  
• Door-to-door surveys initiated in affected areas to identify additional cases.
  
  
  

Water Safety Concerns

• Water samples collected from affected localities tested unsafe for consumption.
  
  
• Indicates possible waterborne transmission due to contamination.
  
  
  

High-Level Monitoring

• The situation reviewed by the Gujarat Deputy Chief Minister.
  
  
• The Union Home Minister held multiple discussions with the District Collector to monitor developments.
  
  
  

Typhoid Fever

About

• A life-threatening bacterial infection caused by Salmonella Typhi.
  
  
• Spreads through contaminated food and water via the faecal–oral route.
  
  
  

Transmission and Risk

• After ingestion, bacteria multiply and enter the bloodstream.
  
  
• Unsafe water, poor sanitation, urbanisation, and climate change increase disease burden.
  
  
  

Symptoms

• Prolonged fever, fatigue, gastrointestinal disturbances, headache, and sometimes rash.
  
  
• Severe cases may lead to complications or death, confirmed through blood tests.
  
  
  

Disease Burden

• In 2019, an estimated 9.24 million cases and 1,10,000 deaths globally.
  
  
• Highest burden in South-East Asia and Africa, especially among children.
  
  
  

Treatment Challenges

• Antibiotics are the primary treatment.
  
  
• Rising antimicrobial resistance reduces effectiveness and increases community spread.
  
  
  

Prevention

• Access to safe drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene.
  
  
• WHO recommends typhoid conjugate vaccines in routine immunisation for endemic countries.
  
  
  

Gavi – The Vaccine Alliance

• Established in 2000 to improve access to vaccines in low-income countries.
  
  
• India pledged USD 15 million for Gavi’s 2021–2025 programme at the Global Vaccines Summit 2020.
  
  
  

UPSC Prelims Practice Question

Consider the following statements:

1. Typhoid fever is caused by a virus and spreads through airborne transmission.

2. WHO recommends the use of typhoid conjugate vaccines in routine immunisation programmes in endemic countries.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: (b)

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is incorrect: Typhoid is caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi and spreads through contaminated food and water, not airborne routes.
• Statement 2 is correct: WHO recommends typhoid conjugate vaccines in endemic regions.

Army signs deal to procure long-range rocket launchers backed by Israeli technology

Context

The Indian Army has signed a contract under emergency procurement powers to acquire an advanced long-range rocket launcher system, aimed at significantly enhancing its deep-strike artillery capability.

Key Points

Contract Details

· Indian Army signed a ₹293 crore contract with NIBE Ltd., a private Indian defence manufacturer.

· Procurement carried out under Emergency Procurement (EP) provisions.

Technology Collaboration

· The system is being developed in collaboration with Israel, under a Technology Collaboration Agreement with Elbit Systems.

· Manufacturing will take place in India, marking a boost to Make in India in defence.

About the Rocket Launcher System

· Name: Suryastra Universal Multi-Calibre Rocket Launcher System.

· Strike range: 150 km to 300 km.

· Accuracy: Circular Error Probable (CEP) of less than 5 metres.

· Capable of precision surface-to-surface strikes.

Operational Capabilities

· Can integrate multiple rocket types on a single platform.

· Designed to engage multiple targets simultaneously at varying ranges.

· Enhances operational reach, firepower, and responsiveness of artillery units.

Strategic Significance

· First time a high-precision rocket launcher with up to 300 km range is being produced domestically.

· Strengthens India’s deep-strike deterrence and indigenous defence ecosystem.

Emergency Procurement (EP) Provisions

· Cleared by the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC).

· Allows armed forces to procure weapons up to ₹300 crore per contract on an urgent basis.

· Aimed at fast-tracking capability enhancement without lengthy approvals.

UPSC Prelims Practice Question

Consider the following statements:

1.The Suryastra rocket launcher system has a strike capability of up to 300 km and is being manufactured in India.

2.Emergency Procurement provisions allow defence acquisitions only after Cabinet Committee on Security approval.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: (a)

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: Suryastra is a domestically produced system with a strike range of up to 300 km.

Statement 2 is incorrect: Emergency Procurement provisions allow urgent procurement without further clearances, including CCS approval.

India’s Russian oil imports at six-month high in November

Context

India’s imports of Russian crude oil rose to a six-month high in November 2025, increasing Russia’s share in India’s overall oil imports amid ongoing diversification of energy sources.

Key Points

Rising Russian Oil Imports

· India imported 7.7 million tonnes of Russian oil in November 2025.

· This accounted for about 35% of India’s total crude oil imports for the month.

· Imports were the highest since May 2025, both in volume and value terms.

Value of Imports

· In value terms, India imported $3.7 billion worth of Russian crude in November 2025.

· Russian oil constituted nearly 34% of India’s total oil import bill that month.

Energy Diversification Strategy

· Alongside Russia, India increased crude purchases from the United States, which touched a seven-month high, contributing nearly 13% of total imports.

· Together, Russia and the U.S. supplied nearly half of India’s oil imports in November.

Geopolitical and Trade Context

· The surge occurred amid slow progress in finalising a trade deal with the U.S.

· Discounted Russian crude continues to remain attractive for India’s refiners.

· The approach reflects India’s pragmatic energy security strategy amid global volatility.

Implications for India

· Helps contain domestic fuel prices by leveraging discounted crude.

· Reduces over-dependence on traditional West Asian suppliers.

· Strengthens India’s negotiating position in global energy markets.

Ministry of Commerce and Industry

· The import data has been compiled and released by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

· It tracks both volume and value of crude oil imports to assess trade and energy trends.

UPSC Prelims Practice Question

Consider the following statements regarding India’s crude oil imports:

1.In November 2025, Russia accounted for more than one-third of India’s total crude oil imports.

2.The United States and Russia together supplied less than one-fourth of India’s crude oil imports in November 2025.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: (a)

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: Russia’s share was about 35% of India’s total crude oil imports.

Statement 2 is incorrect: Russia and the U.S. together supplied nearly half, not less than one-fourth, of India’s crude oil imports.

Earthlife is made of space stuff, studies of asteroid Bennu hint

Context

Recent studies based on samples brought back from asteroid Bennu by NASA’s OSIRIS-REx mission suggest that key molecular ingredients required for life on Earth may have originated in space and were delivered through asteroids.

Key Points

OSIRIS-REx Mission Findings

· Samples collected from asteroid Bennu contain ribose, glucose, amino acids, nucleobases, and nitrogen-rich polymers.

· These molecules are essential building blocks for RNA and DNA, strengthening theories on the cosmic origin of life’s ingredients.

Support for the RNA World Hypothesis

· The presence of ribose and nucleobases supports the idea that RNA may have preceded DNA as the first genetic material.

· Asteroids could have delivered these molecules to early Earth over 3.5 billion years ago.

Chemical Complexity of Bennu

· Scientists detected pre-solar grains originating from supernovae, indicating material older than the Sun.

· Bennu shows evidence of chemical reactions in icy environments, producing complex organic polymers before the formation of planets.

Role of Asteroids in Early Earth

· During early solar system formation, asteroids like Bennu likely transported organic compounds, water, and nitrogen to Earth.

· This could have enabled chemical reactions near hydrothermal vents, aiding the emergence of life.

Significance for Planetary Science

· Findings provide insights into planet formation, distribution of organic matter, and conditions that make life possible.

· Raises questions on whether similar processes occurred on other planets, increasing prospects of life beyond Earth.

NASA – OSIRIS-REx Mission

· OSIRIS-REx stands for Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security–Regolith Explorer.

· It collected samples from Bennu in 2020 and returned them to Earth in 2023, marking the first U.S. asteroid sample-return mission.

· Objective: Study the origin of the solar system and life, and assess asteroid impact risks.

Source: The Hindu

UPSC Prelims Practice Question

Consider the following statements regarding asteroid Bennu and the OSIRIS-REx mission:

1. Samples from asteroid Bennu contain organic molecules such as amino acids and nucleobases.

2. The findings support the theory that all life on Earth originated exclusively on the planet itself.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: (a)

Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct as Bennu samples contain key organic molecules. Statement 2 is incorrect because the findings suggest that ingredients of life may have been delivered from space, not that life originated exclusively on Earth.

A winter getaway in Assam’s wetlands

Context

Assam’s wetlands and Ramsar sites have witnessed a fresh influx of migratory birds during the winter season, highlighting the State’s importance as a key wintering habitat and boosting biodiversity and eco-tourism.

Key Points

Seasonal Migration to Assam

· Migratory birds arrive annually to escape the harsh winters of Siberia, Central Asia, Tibet and Europe.

· Assam’s wetlands provide warmer climate, abundant food and safe roosting grounds.

Major Migratory Species Observed

· Bar-headed geese, northern pintails, ruddy shelducks, falcated ducks, ferruginous pochards, and glossy ibises.

· These species are known for long-distance and high-altitude migrations.

Important Wetlands and Birding Sites

· Prominent sites include Deepor Beel (Ramsar site) near Guwahati, Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary, Kaziranga National Park wetlands, Maguri Motapung Beel, Panidihing Beel, and Son Beel.

· These wetlands act as critical wintering and staging grounds.

Ecological Significance

· Migratory birds enhance wetland nutrient cycles and ecological balance.

· Their presence reflects the ecological health of wetland ecosystems.

Eco-tourism and Local Livelihoods

· Seasonal bird influx supports birdwatching tourism and local economies.

· Conservation-linked tourism promotes community awareness and habitat protection.

Threats and Conservation Concerns

· Unsustainable development, encroachment, pollution and habitat degradation pose risks.

· Continued protection of wetlands is vital for sustaining migratory routes.

Ramsar Convention

· The Ramsar Convention is an international treaty for wetland conservation and wise use.

· Assam hosts multiple Ramsar sites, reinforcing India’s commitment to wetland biodiversity.

Source: The Hindu

UPSC Prelims Practice Question

Q. Consider the following statements regarding Assam’s wetlands:

1.Assam’s wetlands serve as important wintering habitats for migratory birds from Central Asia and Europe.

2.Deepor Beel is a Ramsar site that supports migratory bird populations during winter.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: (c)

Explanation:
Both statements are correct. Assam’s wetlands attract migratory birds from colder regions, and Deepor Beel is a designated Ramsar site known for supporting migratory avifauna.

Karnataka sets record in organ donation in 2025

Syllabus: GS 2 – Health | Governance | Social Justice

Context

Karnataka has achieved its highest-ever annual organ donation tally in 2025, reflecting improved public awareness, institutional coordination and effective implementation of the organ transplantation framework.

Key Points

Record Achievement

• Karnataka recorded 198 organ donors in 2025, the highest in its history.
  
  
• The achievement marks a steady rise from 178 donors in 2023 and 162 donors in 2024.
  
  
  

National Ranking

• Karnataka ranked third nationally in organ donations.
  
  
• It stood behind Tamil Nadu and Telangana in state-wise rankings.
  
  
  

Role of Jeevasarthakathe

• The milestone was achieved through Jeevasarthakathe, Karnataka’s State Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation (SOTTO).
  
  
• The organisation coordinates donor identification, retrieval and allocation.
  
  
  

Donor Profile

• Of the total donors, 150 were male and 48 were female.
  
  
• Indicates broad participation across demographic groups.
  
  
  

Significance

• Highlights strengthened hospital coordination and transplant logistics.
  
  
• Improves access to life-saving transplants and reduces waiting lists.
  
  
• Reinforces public trust in the organ donation system.
  
  
  

Additional Information: Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994

• Enacted by Parliament of India and administered by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
  
  
• Regulates transplantation and donation of 11 human organs and tissues.
  
  
• Primary objective: Prevent commercial and illegal organ trade.
  
  
• Provides punishment up to 3 years imprisonment and fine up to ₹5 lakh for violations.
  
  
• Applicable to Union Territories by default and to States that have adopted it.
  
  
• Mandates hospitals to follow authorised procedures before organ retrieval or transplantation.
  
  
  

UPSC Prelims Practice Question

Consider the following statements:

1. Karnataka ranked third among Indian States in organ donation in 2025.

2. The Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994 allows commercial organ donation under regulated conditions.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Correct Answer: (a) 1 only

Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct as Karnataka ranked third nationally in organ donation in 2025.
Statement 2 is incorrect because the Act strictly prohibits commercial and illegal organ trade.

Source: The Hindu

India’s first government hospital-based AI clinic inaugurated

Syllabus: GS 2 – Health | GS 3 – Science and Technology

Context

India inaugurated its first government hospital-based Artificial Intelligence (AI) clinic at the Government Institute of Medical Sciences (GIMS), marking a significant step towards technology-driven public healthcare delivery.

Key Points

Inauguration and Framework

• The AI clinic was inaugurated online by the Additional Director General of Health Services, Government of India.
  
  
• Established under the GIMS Centre for Medical Innovation.
  
  
• Represents a pioneering initiative within a government hospital setting.
  
  
  

Nature of the AI Clinic

• Integrates AI solutions directly into clinical practice.
  
  
• Functions within an active public hospital, not as a standalone research unit.
  
  
• Aims to enhance clinical decision-making, efficiency and patient safety.
  
  
  

Objectives

• Provides a real-world clinical environment for AI-based healthcare startups.
  
  
• Enables development, testing and validation of AI tools in live hospital conditions.
  
  
• Bridges the gap between technological innovation and practical medical application.
  
  
  

Significance

• Strengthens public sector adoption of digital health technologies.
  
  
• Encourages collaboration between government hospitals and health-tech startups.
  
  
• Positions Uttar Pradesh as a frontrunner in AI-enabled public healthcare.
  
  
• Supports the broader goal of innovation-driven healthcare reforms.
  
  
  

UPSC Prelims Practice Question

Consider the following statements regarding India’s first government hospital-based AI clinic:

1. It has been established at the Government Institute of Medical Sciences under a centre for medical innovation.

2. Its primary objective is to allow AI-based healthcare solutions to be tested and validated in real clinical settings.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Correct Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2

Explanation:
The AI clinic is located at GIMS under the Centre for Medical Innovation and is designed to provide a real-world clinical environment for developing and validating AI healthcare solutions.

Source: The Hindu

Delhi Police trace over 1,300 missing persons under Operation Milap

Syllabus: GS 2 – Governance | Internal Security | Police Reforms

Context

Delhi Police traced 1,303 missing persons in the southwest district over the past year under Operation Milap, reflecting sustained efforts to reunite families and enhance public trust in policing.

Key Points

About Operation Milap

• A special initiative of Delhi Police to trace missing persons.
  
  
• Focuses on children and vulnerable adults.
  
  
• Implemented through district-level coordination and follow-up.
  
  
  

Overall Achievements (Past Year)

• Total persons traced: 1,303
  
  
• Children: 434
  
  
• Adults: 869
  
  
• Demonstrates long-term and consistent police engagement.
  
  
  

Operational Strategy

• Inter-police station coordination across districts.
  
  
• Regular review of hospital records and police databases.
  
  
• Use of local informers and community intelligence.
  
  
  

Role of Public Outreach

• Display of photographs of missing persons at public places.
  
  
• Key locations included bus terminals, railway stations, auto stands and e-rickshaw points.
  
  
• Public cooperation helped generate actionable leads.
  
  
  

Significance

• Strengthens people-centric policing and community trust.
  
  
• Enhances protection of children and vulnerable groups.
  
  
• Reflects effective use of ground-level intelligence and public participation.

Q. Operation Milap is associated with which of the following?

(a) Tracing missing persons
(b) Counter-terrorism operations
(c) Cybercrime investigation
(d) Disaster relief operations

Correct Answer: (a) Tracing missing persons

Explanation:
Operation Milap is a Delhi Police initiative aimed at tracing missing persons, particularly children and vulnerable adults, and reuniting them with their families.

Bulgaria joins eurozone

Syllabus: GS 1 – Geography (Mapping) | GS 2 – International Relations (Europe)

Context

Bulgaria officially adopted the euro on January 1, 2026, becoming the 21st member of the eurozone and retiring its national currency, the Bulgarian lev, after meeting EU convergence criteria.

Key Points

About Bulgaria

• A Balkan country in southeastern Europe.
  
  
• EU member since 2007 and NATO member since 2004.
  
  
• Replaced the Bulgarian lev (in circulation since 1881) with the euro.
  
  
  

Location and Borders

• Located in the eastern Balkan Peninsula.
  
  
• Borders Romania, Greece, Turkey, Serbia, North Macedonia, and the Black Sea.
  
  
• Strategically positioned between Europe, the Black Sea region, and West Asia.
  
  
  

Major Geographical Features

• Danubian Plain in the north – fertile agricultural region.
  
  
• Balkan Mountains running east–west.
  
  
• Rila–Rhodope Massif in the south; Mount Musala is the highest peak in the Balkans.
  
  
• Black Sea coastline supports ports, tourism and trade.
  
  
  

About the Eurozone

• Group of EU countries using the euro (€) as legal tender.
  
  
• Follow a common monetary policy.
  
  
  

Evolution

• 1992 Maastricht Treaty: Created the Economic and Monetary Union and convergence rules.
  
  
• 1999: Euro introduced as book money.
  
  
• 2002: Euro banknotes and coins came into circulation.
  
  
  

Members

• 21 EU countries (as of 2026).
  
  
• Recent entrants include Croatia (2023) and Bulgaria (2026).
  
  
  

Key Features

• Single currency across member states.
  
  
• Monetary policy managed by the European Central Bank (ECB).
  
  
• No currency exchange costs within the bloc.
  
  
• Supports free movement of goods, services, capital and labour.
  
  
• Members are represented in the ECB Governing Council.
  
  
  

UPSC Prelims Practice Question

Consider the following statements:

1. Bulgaria is located in the Balkan Peninsula and has a coastline along the Black Sea.

2. With Bulgaria’s entry, the eurozone consists of 21 member countries.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Correct Answer: (c)

Explanation:
Bulgaria lies in the Balkan Peninsula with a Black Sea coastline, and its adoption of the euro in 2026 makes it the 21st eurozone member.

Source: Indian Express