Daily Current Affairs for UPSC 29th Dec 2025

Index
S.No	Topic	Page No
Daily Hindu Analysis
1.	A grand vision and the great Indian research deficit
2.	Linked civilisations, a modern strategic partnership
3.	What are the signals from the Indian economy?
4.	Kavach System Installation on Mumbai–Delhi–Kolkata Route Jumps Deadline Again
5.	Energy storage, green hydrogen to reshape RE sector
6.	Winter Visitors
7.	Centre’s green panel gives its nod to Stage 2 Dulhasti hydel power project in J&K
8.	Airlines must enforce regulations without delay, cautions DGCA
9.	What are rare-earth elements and why is everyone looking for them?
Daily Current Affairs
10.	National Council for Cement and Building Materials
11.	Himalayan Red Fox
12.	Santhali Language
13.	Somaliland
14.	Regional Level Pollution Response Exercise (RPREX-2025)
15.	India’s First National Standard for Agarbattis – IS 19412:2025
16.	Shaastra 2026 – IIT Madras
17.	Rashtriya Prerna Sthal

A grand vision and the great Indian research deficit.

Context

The article analyses India’s persistent underperformance in research and development (R&D) despite its large talent pool and economic ambitions. It highlights structural, financial, and institutional weaknesses that prevent India from emerging as a global innovation leader, even as the country aspires to become a developed economy.

Detailed Analysis

1. India’s R&D Deficit: The Core Problem

• India spends only 0.6–0.7% of GDP on R&D, far below:
• China (~2.4%)
• United States (~3.5%)
• Israel (~5.4%)
  
  
  
• Despite housing 17.5% of the world’s population, India contributes only 3% of global research output.
  
  
• Patent filings remain low in quality and impact, with India contributing only 1.8% of global patent filings.
  
  
  

2. Overdependence on Government Spending

• The government contributes nearly 63.6% of total R&D expenditure, unlike developed economies where the private sector leads.
  
  
• Corporate R&D in India remains limited, focused on incremental improvements rather than disruptive innovation.
  
  
• In contrast, global technology leaders invest aggressively in long-term, high-risk research.
  
  
  

3. Weak Industry–Academia Linkages

• Indian universities focus largely on teaching rather than research.
  
  
• Collaboration between academia and industry is minimal.
  
  
• Technology transfer mechanisms and commercialization pipelines are underdeveloped.
  
  
• Unlike the US model, Indian universities rarely act as innovation hubs or startup incubators.
  
  
  

4. Structural and Institutional Barriers

• Lengthy approval processes and fragmented funding structures delay research projects.
  
  
• Lack of stable, long-term funding discourages high-risk, high-reward research.
  
  
• Fragmented governance of research institutions limits coordination and scale.
  
  
  

5. Brain Drain and Talent Challenges

• A large number of India’s top researchers migrate abroad due to:
  
  
• Better funding opportunities
  
  
• World-class infrastructure
  
  
• Stable research careers
  
  
  
• Domestic institutions struggle to retain top talent due to limited incentives.
  
  
  

6. What Needs to Change

• Raise R&D expenditure to at least 2% of GDP in the medium term.
  
  
• Expand private sector participation through tax incentives and public–private partnerships.
  
  
• Strengthen university-based research ecosystems and doctoral programmes.
  
  
• Create mission-driven research clusters in strategic areas such as:
• Semiconductors
• Artificial Intelligence
• Biotechnology
• Quantum computing
• Clean energy
• Ensure predictable and long-term research funding mechanisms.

.

UPSC Mains Question

“India’s aspiration to become a global innovation hub is constrained more by structural weaknesses than by lack of talent.”
Critically examine this statement in the context of India’s research and development ecosystem.

Linked civilisations, a modern strategic partnership

Context

The article examines the deep-rooted civilisational, cultural, and strategic ties between India and Iran, arguing that their relationship—rooted in shared history—must now evolve into a modern, forward-looking partnership shaped by economic cooperation, connectivity, and geopolitical realities.

Detailed Analysis

1. Civilisational Linkages and Historical Depth

• India and Iran share an ancient civilisational bond tracing back to the Indo-Iranian cultural continuum.
  
  
  
• The Persian language and culture deeply influenced Indian art, administration, literature, and court traditions.
  
  
• Thinkers like Mirza Ghalib and Bedil symbolised this cultural fusion.
  
  
• These historical ties created a foundation of mutual trust that transcends modern diplomacy.
  
  
  

2. Strategic Convergence in the Modern Era

• The relationship today is shaped by converging strategic interests in a multipolar world.
  
  
• Both nations seek strategic autonomy amid shifting global power structures.
  
  
• Iran’s geographical position makes it vital for India’s access to Central Asia, Russia, and Europe.
  
  
  

3. Energy and Economic Cooperation

• Energy remains a central pillar of cooperation.
  
  
• Iran holds vast reserves of oil and natural gas, critical for India’s long-term energy security.
  
  
• The Chabahar Port project exemplifies strategic collaboration, offering India an alternative trade route bypassing Pakistan.
  
  
• The International North–South Transport Corridor (INSTC) enhances connectivity, reducing transit time and costs.
  
  
  

4. Security and Strategic Stability

• Shared concerns over terrorism, extremism, and regional instability have fostered intelligence and security cooperation.
  
  
• Stability in Afghanistan and the broader West Asian region remains a common strategic priority.
  
  
  

5. Emerging Areas of Cooperation

• Beyond energy, the article highlights potential in:
  
  
• Technology and innovation
• Renewable energy
• Healthcare and pharmaceuticals
• Knowledge-based industries
  
  
  
• Strengthening academic exchanges and scientific collaboration can deepen people-to-people ties.
  
  
  

6. Challenges and Constraints

• International sanctions on Iran have constrained economic engagement.
  
  
• Geopolitical pressures and sanctions regimes complicate banking, trade settlements, and investments.
  
  
  
• Need for alternative financial mechanisms, such as trade in local currencies.
  
  
  

UPSC Mains Question

“India–Iran relations are rooted in deep civilisational ties but require modern strategic recalibration.”
Discuss in the context of contemporary geopolitical and economic challenges.

What are the signals from the Indian economy?

Context

The article analyses the mixed economic signals emerging from India’s economy in 2025. While policy measures and trade initiatives have provided some momentum, global uncertainties, trade tensions, and slowing domestic indicators have created an uneven outlook for growth.

Detailed Analysis

1. Positive Developments in 2025

Fiscal and Policy Measures

• The Union Budget 2025 focused on boosting disposable incomes through tax rationalisation.
  
  
• Personal income tax slabs were revised to stimulate consumption.
  
  
• Government continued capital expenditure push to support infrastructure-led growth.
  
  
  

Trade and External Engagements

• India signed a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the United Kingdom, enhancing market access for services and professionals.
  
  
  
• A Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) was concluded with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), covering Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein.
  
  
• The agreement includes a commitment of $100 billion in investment over 15 years.
  
  
• Negotiations with New Zealand were concluded, offering duty-free access for most Indian exports.
  
  
  

Labour and Structural Reforms

• Implementation of Labour Codes aimed at improving worker welfare and formalisation.
  
  
• Expansion of social security coverage to informal workers.
  
  
  

2. Areas of Concern

Trade Uncertainty with the United States

• The U.S. imposed tariffs under its “Liberation Day” tariff policy.
  
  
  
• Threat of additional tariffs on Indian exports, including potential duties of up to 25%.
  
  
• Trade talks remain inconclusive, affecting investor confidence.
  
  
  

Slowdown in Domestic Demand

• Despite reforms, consumption growth remains uneven.
  
  
• Manufacturing and export-oriented sectors face global demand uncertainty.
  
  
  

Macroeconomic Risks

• GDP growth for FY 2025–26 is projected at around 7.3%, lower than previous years.
  
  
• Global geopolitical tensions and supply chain disruptions continue to pose risks.
  
  
  

3. What Lies Ahead

• Continued emphasis on export diversification and value-added manufacturing.
  
  
• Strengthening of domestic demand through income support and job creation.
  
  
• Need for faster implementation of trade agreements and resolution of tariff disputes.
  
  
• Monitoring global economic slowdown and geopolitical risks.

UPSC Mains Question

“India’s recent economic performance reflects a balance between structural reform and external vulnerability.”
Discuss in the context of recent trade developments and domestic policy measures.

Kavach System Installation on Mumbai–Delhi–Kolkata Route Jumps Deadline Again

Context:
The Railways has missed the revised deadline for installing the Kavach automatic train protection system on the Mumbai–Delhi–Kolkata routes. The deadline has now been extended to 2026 due to the scale, complexity, and technical challenges involved in implementation.

Key Points

What is Kavach?

• Kavach is an indigenously developed Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system designed to prevent train collisions and overspeeding.
  
  
• Developed by RDSO in collaboration with Medha Servo Drives, HBL Power Systems, and Kernex Microsystems.
  
  
  

Purpose and Functioning:

• Automatically applies brakes if the loco pilot fails to respond to danger signals.
  
  
• Maintains safe speed limits and prevents signal passing at danger (SPAD).
  
  
• Uses RFID, ultra-high radio frequency communication, and continuous Optical Fibre Cable (OFC) networks.
  
  
  

Key Components:

• Track-side electronic units and RFID tags
  
  
• Onboard locomotive equipment
  
  
• Telecom towers and OFC network for uninterrupted communication
  
  
• Station Kavach and centralized control systems
  
  
  

Implementation Status:

• About 25% work completed on key routes.
  
  
• Kavach has been commissioned on 738 route km, including the Palwal–Mathura–Agra section.
  
  
• Optical fibre cable laid over 7,129 km, with 800 telecom towers installed.
  
  
  
• Over 4,154 locomotives and 860 stations equipped so far.
  
  
  

Revised Timeline:

• Originally targeted for completion by December 2025.
  
  
• Revised target extended to 2026 due to scale, integration challenges, and extensive testing requirements.
  
  
  

Operational Significance:

• Enhances passenger safety and collision avoidance.
  
  
• Reduces dependency on human intervention.
  
  
• Forms a critical pillar of Indian Railways’ modernization and safety upgrade programme.
  
  
  

RDSO (Research Design and Standards Organisation)

• Functions under the Ministry of Railways.
  
  
• Acts as the technical advisor and standard-setting body for Indian Railways.
  
  
• Responsible for research, design, testing, and safety certification of railway systems.
  
  
  

Prelims Practice Question

Consider the following statements regarding the Kavach system:

1. Kavach is an indigenously developed Automatic Train Protection system used by Indian Railways.

2. It uses satellite-based navigation as its primary mode of train communication.

3. It can automatically apply brakes to prevent train collisions.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (a) 1 and 3 only

Energy storage, green hydrogen to reshape RE sector

Context

The article highlights how energy storage technologies and green hydrogen are set to transform India’s renewable energy ecosystem by improving reliability, grid stability, and supporting decarbonisation goals, as outlined by ReNew’s Chairperson Vaishali Nigam Sinha.

Key Points

Role of Energy Storage

• Energy storage is emerging as a game changer for India’s renewable sector.
  
  
• It helps address intermittency issues of solar and wind power.
  
  
• Enables round-the-clock (RTC) renewable energy supply, crucial for industrial and commercial users.
  
  
• Battery-backed and hybrid renewable projects are increasingly being deployed.
  
  
  

Green Hydrogen as a Transition Fuel

• Green hydrogen is expected to play a transformational role in decarbonising hard-to-abate sectors such as:
• Steel
• Cement
• Fertilisers
• Heavy transport
  
  
• Under the National Green Hydrogen Mission, India targets 5 million tonnes of green hydrogen production by 2030.
  
  
  

Economic and Industrial Impact

• Falling costs of electrolysers and renewable power are making green hydrogen economically viable.
  
  
• Green hydrogen and storage technologies are expected to:
  
  
  
• Strengthen India’s clean manufacturing ecosystem
  
  
• Enhance energy security
  
  
• Support India’s global competitiveness in clean-tech exports
  
  
  

Investment and Financing

• Achieving India’s 500 GW non-fossil fuel capacity target by 2030 may require investments of around ₹30 lakh crore.
  
  
• Financing avenues include:
  
  
• Green bonds
  
  
• Blended finance models
  
  
• Increased private and global investor participation
  
  
  

Grid Integration and Infrastructure

• Grid modernisation, energy corridors, and large-scale battery storage are critical.
  
  
• Storage systems improve grid stability and enable higher renewable energy penetration.
  
  
• Hybrid renewable projects reduce dependence on fossil fuel-based peaking power.
  
  
  

National Green Hydrogen Mission

• Launched in 2023 to make India a global hub for green hydrogen production.
  
  
• Aims to reduce fossil fuel imports, cut emissions, and create green jobs.
  
  
• Targets include development of electrolyser manufacturing capacity and hydrogen hubs.
  
  
  

UPSC Prelims Question

Consider the following statements regarding green hydrogen in India:

1. Green hydrogen is produced using renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power.

2. India’s National Green Hydrogen Mission targets production of 5 million tonnes of green hydrogen by 2030.

3. Green hydrogen can help decarbonise hard-to-abate sectors like steel and cement.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) 2 and 3 only

Answer: (c) 1, 2 and 3

Winter Visitors

Context

With the onset of winter, large flocks of migratory birds have begun arriving at Indian wetlands, including Sambhar Lake near Jaipur, as part of their annual migration. These birds travel thousands of kilometres from colder regions of Central Asia, Siberia, and Europe in search of warmer climates and abundant food, highlighting India’s crucial role in the global migratory network.

Key Points

Seasonal Migration Pattern

• Migratory birds begin arriving in India during autumn and early winter to escape freezing temperatures and food scarcity in northern latitudes.
  
  
• India lies on the Central Asian Flyway (CAF), one of the world’s nine major migratory bird routes.
  
  
  

Major Migratory Species Observed

• Flamingos (Greater and Lesser)
  
  
• Bar-headed Geese – known for flying over the Himalayas at extreme altitudes.
  
  
• Amur Falcons – undertake one of the longest migrations from Siberia and China to southern Africa via India.
  
  
• Other waterfowl and raptors also use Indian wetlands as wintering grounds.
  
  
  

Important Wintering Sites in India

• Sambhar Lake (Rajasthan)
  
  
• Pulicat Lake (Tamil Nadu–Andhra Pradesh)
  
  
• Point Calimere (Tamil Nadu)
  
  
• Wetlands of Delhi, Gujarat, and Maharashtra
  
  
  

Flamingos – Key Highlights

• Greater Flamingos are the most prominent winter visitors.
  
  
• They are the state bird of Gujarat.
  
  
• Classified as Least Concern under the IUCN Red List.
  
  
• Their pink colour comes from carotenoid pigments in algae and brine shrimp.
  
  
• Large congregations are seen in Thane Creek, Kutch, and Sambhar Lake.
  
  
  

Ecological Importance

• Migratory birds act as indicators of wetland health and ecosystem stability.
  
  
• They contribute to nutrient cycling and help maintain aquatic biodiversity.
  
  
• Their presence supports eco-tourism and raises awareness about wetland conservation.
  
  
  

Additional Information – Conservation Framework

• Protected under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
  
  
• Wetlands are safeguarded under the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017.
  
  
• The Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) undertakes long-term bird monitoring and tagging programmes.
  
  
• Several Indian wetlands are designated as Ramsar Sites of international importance.
  
  
  

UPSC Prelims Question

Consider the following statements regarding migratory birds in India:

1. India lies on the Central Asian Flyway, which supports seasonal movement of birds from Eurasia to the Indian subcontinent.

2. Flamingos migrate to India mainly due to food scarcity and harsh winters in their breeding regions.

3. The Greater Flamingo is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (a) 1 and 2 only

Centre’s green panel gives its nod to Stage 2 Dulhasti hydel power project in J&K

Context

The Union Environment Ministry’s expert appraisal committee has approved Stage-II of the Dulhasti Hydroelectric Project on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir. The clearance comes amid India’s push to expand hydropower capacity in the Himalayan region following the suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty framework.

Key Points

Project Overview

• The Dulhasti Stage-II Hydropower Project will be developed on the Chenab River in Kishtwar district, Jammu & Kashmir.
  
  
• It is a run-of-the-river project with an estimated capacity of 260 MW.
  
  
• The project is an extension of the existing 390 MW Dulhasti Stage-I plant, operational since 2007.
  
  
  

Technical Features

• Water will be diverted through a 3.6 km long tunnel to a new powerhouse.
  
  
• The project involves construction of underground structures with limited surface submergence.
  
  
• The estimated project cost is around ₹3,200 crore.
  
  
  

Environmental Clearance

• Approved by the Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
  
  
• The clearance comes amid India’s decision to keep the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) in abeyance following security concerns.
  
  
• Environmental safeguards include compensatory afforestation, biodiversity management, and muck disposal plans.
  
  
  

Strategic and Energy Significance

• Enhances India’s control over its share of Indus basin waters.
  
  
• Strengthens renewable energy capacity in the northern grid.
  
  
• Reduces dependence on thermal power and supports energy security in Jammu & Kashmir.
  
  
  

Regional and Geopolitical Context

• The Chenab River is one of the western rivers under the Indus Waters Treaty, allocated largely to Pakistan but allowing India limited hydroelectric use.

• The project signals India’s intent to fully utilise permissible hydropower potential under treaty provisions.
  
  
  

Important Hydropower Projects in India

• Tehri Dam (Uttarakhand): India’s tallest dam; major source of irrigation and power.
  
  
• Nathpa Jhakri (Himachal Pradesh): One of India’s largest underground hydropower projects.
  
  
  
• Srisailam Dam (Andhra Pradesh): Key multipurpose project on the Krishna River.
  
  
• Bhakra Nangal (Himachal–Punjab): Backbone of north India’s irrigation system.
  
  
• Koyna Project (Maharashtra): Major contributor to Maharashtra’s electricity grid.
  
  
• Sardar Sarovar (Gujarat): Crucial for irrigation and drinking water in western India.
  
  
• Hirakud Dam (Odisha): One of the world’s longest earthen dams.
  
  
• Idukki Project (Kerala): India’s first double-curvature arch dam.

Q.The Dulhasti Stage-II Hydropower Project, recently approved, is being developed on which river?

(a) Ravi
(b) Chenab
(c) Jhelum
(d) Indus

Correct Answer: (b) Chenab

Airlines must enforce regulations without delay, cautions DGCA

Context

The Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) has cautioned airlines and aviation stakeholders against delays in implementing regulatory requirements, warning that inadequate preparedness and non-compliance pose serious risks to aviation safety.

Key Points

DGCA’s Warning to Airlines

• DGCA observed lapses in preparedness among airlines in complying with aviation regulations.
  
  
• Delays in implementing safety directives may compromise passenger safety and operational reliability.
  
  
• Stakeholders have been instructed to strictly adhere to all Civil Aviation Requirements (CARs), Aeronautical Information Circulars (AICs), and other directives.
  
  
  

Need for Timely Compliance

• Airlines must ensure timely availability of resources, including trained manpower, infrastructure, and systems.
  
  
• Advance planning is required before the enforcement date of any new regulation.
  
  
• Operators have been advised to conduct trial runs and dry runs before actual implementation.
  
  
  

Safety and Operational Concerns

• DGCA emphasised that non-compliance could lead to safety lapses, operational disruptions, and inconvenience to passengers.
  
  
• Emphasis placed on proactive risk assessment and mitigation.
  
  
  

Monitoring and Accountability

• Airlines and service providers have been directed to submit compliance reports periodically.
  
  
• DGCA will closely monitor implementation and may initiate enforcement action for non-compliance.
  
  
  

Additional Information – Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA)

• DGCA is the regulatory authority for civil aviation in India.
  
  
• Functions under the Ministry of Civil Aviation.
  
  
• Responsible for:
  
  
• Regulation of air transport services
• Aircraft certification and airworthiness
• Licensing of pilots, engineers, and air traffic controllers
• Aviation safety oversight and accident investigation
  
  
• Coordinates with the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for global aviation standards.
  
  
  

UPSC Prelims Practice Question

Consider the following statements regarding the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA):

1. It is the regulatory authority for civil aviation in India under the Ministry of Civil Aviation.

2. It is responsible for ensuring airworthiness and safety standards of aircraft and personnel.

3. It functions as an autonomous statutory body under the Ministry of Home Affairs.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (a) 1 and 2 only

What are rare-earth elements and why is everyone looking for them?

Context

The article explains why rare-earth elements (REEs) have become strategically crucial despite not being geologically scarce. Their importance lies in modern technologies, green energy transitions, and geopolitical competition over supply chains.

Key Points

What are Rare-Earth Elements (REEs)?

• Rare-earth elements are a group of 17 metallic elements:
  
  
• 15 lanthanides (lanthanum to lutetium)
  
  
• Plus scandium and yttrium
  
  
• They are not truly “rare” but are widely dispersed in low concentrations, making extraction and separation difficult.
  
  
  

Why Are They Important?

• Essential for high-performance magnets, batteries, electronics, lasers, and defence systems.
  
  
• Used in:
  
  
• Electric vehicles and wind turbines
  
  
• Smartphones, computers, and semiconductors
  
  
• Medical imaging and clean energy technologies
  
  
  
• Crucial for energy transition technologies and advanced manufacturing.
  
  
  

Why Extraction Is Difficult

• Rare-earth elements occur together in ores and have very similar chemical properties, making separation complex.
  
  
• Extraction involves:
• Crushing ore
• Chemical separation using solvents
• Multiple purification stages
  
  
• These processes are capital-intensive, environmentally hazardous, and technologically demanding.
  
  
  

China’s Dominance

• China controls:
• Over 60% of global mining
• Around 90% of global processing and refining capacity
  
  
• It also dominates downstream manufacturing of magnets and components.
  
  
• Other countries mine REEs but depend on China for refining.
  
  
  

Strategic and Geopolitical Importance

• REEs are critical for defence systems, renewable energy, and high-tech manufacturing.
  
  
• Dependence on China poses supply chain and national security risks.
  
  
• Countries are seeking to diversify supply chains and develop domestic refining capacity.
  
  
  

Environmental and Technical Challenges

• Extraction produces toxic waste and radioactive by-products.
• Processing requires strict environmental safeguards.
• Recycling of rare-earths is complex and still at a nascent stage.
  
  
  

Additional Information – India’s Position

• India has significant reserves of rare-earth minerals, especially monazite sands along coastal regions.
  
  
• The Indian Rare Earths Limited (IREL) is the key public sector entity handling mining and processing.
  
  
• India aims to build domestic refining capacity to reduce import dependence and support clean energy goals.
  
  
  

UPSC Prelims Question

Consider the following statements regarding rare-earth elements:

1. Rare-earth elements are geologically scarce and found only in a few countries.

2. China dominates global rare-earth processing and refining capacity.

3. Rare-earth elements are critical for renewable energy technologies and electronics.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (b) 2 and 3 only

National Council for Cement and Building Materials

Syllabus: GS Paper III – Industry, Infrastructure and Industrial Policy

Context:
The Global Cement and Concrete Association (GCCA) India–NCB Carbon Uptake Report was released on the occasion of the 63rd Foundation Day of the National Council for Cement and Building Materials (NCB). The event highlights India’s efforts towards sustainable cement production and low-carbon construction practices.

Key Points

• Establishment:
  The National Council for Cement and Building Materials (NCB) was established in 1962 as an apex research and development organisation for the cement sector.
  
  
• Administrative Control:
  It functions under the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
  
  
  
• Headquarters and Centres:
  
  
• Corporate Office & main laboratories: Ballabgarh (Haryana)
  
  
• Regional Centres: Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, and Bhubaneswar
  
  
  
• Core Objective:
  To promote scientific research, innovation, and technological advancement in cement and building materials.
  
  
  
• Role in Policy Support:
  Acts as a nodal technical agency supporting the Government in policy formulation and planning related to the cement sector.
  
  
  
• Consumer Interest & Sustainability:
  Works towards protecting consumer interests and promoting quality, durability, and sustainability in cement and concrete usage.
  
  
  
• Industry Support:
  Provides technical services, testing, training, and consultancy to the cement and construction industries.
  
  
  

Prelims Practice Question

Consider the following statements regarding the National Council for Cement and Building Materials (NCB):

1. It functions under the administrative control of the Ministry of Heavy Industries.

2. It serves as a technical and research body supporting policy formulation for the cement industry.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: (b) 2 only

Explanation:
NCB functions under the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry, not the Ministry of Heavy Industries. It plays a crucial role in research, policy support, and technological development for the cement sector.

Source: PIB

Himalayan Red Fox

Syllabus: GS Paper III – Environment, Ecology and Biodiversity

Context:
A recent viral video showing a Himalayan Red Fox near Pangong Tso in Ladakh has drawn public attention. While the sighting fascinated viewers, wildlife officials cautioned against human interference, highlighting the need for responsible wildlife interaction.

Key Points

• Scientific Classification:
  The Himalayan Red Fox is a subspecies of the red fox, scientifically known as Vulpes vulpes montana.
  
  
  
• Geographical Distribution:
  Found across the Himalayan region including India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Tibet, with presence in Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh.
  
  
  
• Habitat Range:
  Occupies high-altitude regions between 2,500–5,000 metres, inhabiting alpine meadows, grasslands, forests, and even agricultural areas.
  
  
  
• Physical Characteristics:
  Medium-sized mammal with a body length of 50–90 cm and tail length of 30–45 cm; weighs 4–7 kg.
  It has a rusty-red coat, white underparts, and a distinctive white-tipped tail.
  
  
  
• Adaptations:
  Dense fur helps withstand extreme cold; it is a fast runner, capable of speeds up to 60 km/h, and is also a good climber and swimmer.
  
  
  
• Behaviour and Diet:
  Primarily solitary and nocturnal. An opportunistic omnivore, feeding on rodents, birds, insects, fruits, and carrion.
  
  
  
• Conservation Status:
  Listed as ‘Least Concern’ under the IUCN Red List.
  
  
  

Prelims Practice Question

Consider the following statements regarding the Himalayan Red Fox:

1. It is endemic only to the Ladakh region of India.

2. It is classified as ‘Least Concern’ under the IUCN Red List.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: (b) 2 only

Explanation:
The Himalayan Red Fox is distributed across multiple Himalayan regions beyond Ladakh and is not endemic to a single area. It is currently listed as Least Concern by the IUCN.

Source: PIB

Santhali Language

Syllabus: GS Paper I – Indian Society / Culture and Languages

Context:
The President of India, Smt. Droupadi Murmu, recently released the Constitution of India in the Santhali language at a function held in Rashtrapati Bhavan, highlighting the recognition and preservation of India’s indigenous linguistic heritage.

Key Points

• Constitutional Status:
  Santhali was included in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution through the 92nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003.
  
  
• Linguistic Family:
  It belongs to the Munda branch of the Austroasiatic language family, distinct from the Indo-European languages spoken in most parts of India.
  
  
• Geographical Distribution:
  Spoken mainly in Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, and Bihar, and also in parts of Nepal and Bangladesh.
  
  
• Speaker Population:
  Spoken by around 7 million people in India, primarily by the Santhal tribal community.
  
  
• Linguistic Features:
  It is an agglutinative language, where words are formed by combining smaller meaningful units, and exhibits the use of tones.
  
  
• Related Languages:
  Closely related to other Munda languages such as Ho, Mundari, and Korku.
  
  
• Script and Literature:
  Santhali uses the Ol Chiki script, developed in 1925 by Pandit Raghunath Murmu, and has a rich tradition of oral literature and folk expression.

Somaliland

Syllabus: GS Paper I – World Geography / GS Paper II – International Relations

Context:
Israel has become the first country to formally recognise Somaliland as an independent sovereign state, triggering strong opposition from Somalia, the African Union, and several regional powers. The move has renewed global debate over sovereignty, recognition, and regional stability in the Horn of Africa.

Key Points

• Political Status:
  Somaliland is a self-declared independent state that separated from Somalia in 1991 following the collapse of the Siad Barre regime.
  
  
  
• Geographical Location:
  Situated in the Horn of Africa, along the Gulf of Aden, it borders Djibouti, Ethiopia, Somalia (including Puntland) and has a strategic maritime location.
  
  
  
• Historical Background:
  
  
• 1888: Became a British Protectorate (British Somaliland).
  
  
  
• 1960: Gained independence and voluntarily united with Italian Somaliland to form the Somali Republic.
  
  
  
• 1991: Declared independence after prolonged civil conflict.
  
  
  
• 2001: A public referendum showed over 97% support for independence.
  
  
  
• Political and Administrative Structure:
  Functions as a de facto state with its own government, constitution, judiciary, security forces, and currency (Somaliland Shilling).
  
  
  
• International Status:
  Despite political stability and democratic elections, it is not recognised by the UN or African Union.
  Israel’s recognition in 2025 marks the first formal bilateral recognition, altering regional diplomatic dynamics.
  
  
  
• Regional Implications:
  Recognition has raised concerns about territorial integrity of Somalia, potential regional instability, and precedents for other separatist movements.
  
  
  

Prelims Practice Question

Consider the following statements regarding Somaliland:

1. Somaliland was formerly a British colony before merging with Italian Somaliland in 1960.

2. It is officially recognised as a sovereign state by the United Nations.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: (a) 1 only

Explanation:
Somaliland was a British protectorate before merging with Italian Somaliland in 1960. However, it is not recognised by the United Nations and remains internationally unrecognised despite functioning as a de facto state.

Source: TG

Regional Level Pollution Response Exercise (RPREX-2025)

Syllabus: GS Paper III – Environment, Disaster Management, Internal Security

Context:
The Indian Coast Guard (ICG) conducted RPREX-2025, a Regional Level Pollution Response Exercise, off the Mumbai coast to assess preparedness and response mechanisms for major marine oil spill incidents.

Key Points

• What is RPREX-2025?
  A large-scale marine pollution response exercise conducted to test India’s preparedness for oil spill emergencies under the National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan (NOSDCP).
  
  
  
• Conducting Agency:
  Led by the Indian Coast Guard (ICG) with active participation of ONGC, port authorities, coastal police, and other maritime stakeholders.
  
  
  
• Objective:
  To ensure swift, coordinated, and effective response to oil spill incidents and enhance inter-agency operational readiness.
  
  
  
• Exercise Location:
  Conducted off the Mumbai coast in the Arabian Sea.
  
  
  
• Operational Structure:
  
  
  
• Phase I: Planning conference, technical briefings, and tabletop exercises.
  
  
  
• Phase II: Full-scale live sea exercise involving deployment of pollution response equipment.
  
  
  
• Key Operational Features:
  
  
  
• Simulation of a tanker–fishing vessel collision causing crude oil spillage.
  
  
  
• Deployment of Pollution Control Vessels (PCVs) equipped with skimmers and containment booms.
  
  
  
• Testing of sea-to-shore coordination, including mangrove protection and port contingency measures.
  
  
  
• Strategic Significance:
  
  
  
• Strengthens marine environmental protection.
  
  
  
• Enhances national disaster preparedness for maritime pollution.
  
  
  
• Safeguards coastal livelihoods, fisheries, and port infrastructure.
  
  
  

Prelims Practice Question

Consider the following statements regarding the Regional Level Pollution Response Exercise (RPREX):

1. It is conducted under the framework of the National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan.

2. It focuses on managing marine oil spill emergencies through multi-agency coordination.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2

Explanation:
RPREX is conducted under the NOSDCP and aims to test coordinated oil spill response involving multiple maritime and coastal agencies.

Source: FPJ

India’s First National Standard for Agarbattis – IS 19412:2025

Syllabus: GS Paper III – Consumer Protection, Industry & Standards

Context:
In a major step towards enhancing consumer safety and product quality, the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has notified India’s first national standard for agarbattis, titled IS 19412:2025, on the occasion of National Consumer Day 2025.

Key Points

• What is IS 19412:2025?
  It is India’s first-ever national quality standard for agarbattis (incense sticks), prescribing norms for raw materials, performance, safety, and labelling.
  
  
  
• Objective of the Standard:
  To ensure uniform quality, consumer safety, and environmental responsibility in the manufacture of agarbattis, while strengthening India’s global leadership in incense production.
  
  
  
• Scope and Coverage:
  The standard lays down requirements related to:
  
  
  
• Physical integrity and uniform burning
  
  
  
• Ash formation and fragrance dispersion
  
  
  
• Labelling and consumer information
  
  
  
• Safety and quality benchmarks for raw materials
  
  
  
• Ban on Harmful Substances:
  IS 19412:2025 prohibits the use of harmful insecticides and chemicals, including:
  
  
  
• Permethrin
  
  
  
• Cypermethrin
  
  
  
• Certain synthetic fragrance intermediates such as benzyl cyanide
  These restrictions address health risks and indoor air pollution concerns.
  
  
  
• Regulatory Authority:
  The standard has been notified by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), functioning under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution.
  
  
  
• Significance:
  
  
  
• Enhances consumer protection and product transparency
  
  
  
• Aligns Indian incense manufacturing with global safety norms
  
  
  
• Strengthens India’s position as the world’s largest producer and exporter of agarbattis
  
  
  

Prelims Practice Question

Consider the following statements regarding IS 19412:2025:

1. It is India’s first national standard regulating the manufacture of agarbattis.

2. It allows the use of certain insecticides such as permethrin under controlled limits.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: (a) 1 only

Explanation:
IS 19412:2025 explicitly prohibits insecticides like permethrin and cypermethrin due to health and environmental concerns, making statement 2 incorrect.

Source: PIB

Shaastra 2026 – IIT Madras

Syllabus: GS Paper III – Science & Technology / Education / Innovation

Context:
External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar will inaugurate Shaastra 2026, the annual technical festival of IIT Madras, marking another milestone in India’s innovation and academic outreach ecosystem.

Key Points

• About Shaastra:
  Shaastra is the annual technical festival of IIT Madras, now in its 27th edition, and is among the largest student-run tech festivals in India.
  
  
  
• Event Duration & Scale:
  The five-day event (January 2–6, 2026) is expected to attract over 80,000 participants from India and abroad.
  
  
  
• Integrated Academic Engagement:
  The festival is part of a 15-day academic and cultural engagement window, along with:
  
  
  
• IIT Madras Open House
  
  
  
• Saarang, the institute’s annual cultural festival
  
  
  
• Launch of IIT Madras Global Foundation:
  During the event, the IIT Madras Global Foundation will be launched to:
  
  
  
• Strengthen international academic and industry collaboration
  
  
  
• Promote technology transfer and innovation
  
  
  
• Support start-ups and global partnerships
  
  
  
• Facilitate international investment linkages
  Planned global outposts include the USA, Germany, Malaysia, and Dubai.
  
  
  
• Academic Outreach – Vidya Vahak Programme:
  
  
  
• A dedicated Educators Conclave will be organised.
  
  
  
• Around 150 teachers from government and tribal schools will receive training in:
  
  
  
• Foundational pedagogy
  
  
  
• Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
  
  
  
• Simulation-based teaching tools
  
  
  
• Broader Significance:
  Shaastra strengthens India’s innovation ecosystem, promotes STEM education, and supports inclusive capacity building aligned with national education and technology goals.
  
  
  

Prelims Practice Question

Consider the following statements regarding Shaastra 2026:

1. Shaastra is the annual technical festival of IIT Madras.

2. The IIT Madras Global Foundation aims to promote international academic and industry collaboration.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2

Source: The Hindu

Rashtriya Prerna Sthal

Syllabus: GS Paper I – Modern Indian History / GS Paper I (Culture & Heritage)

Context:
Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the Rashtriya Prerna Sthal in Lucknow on the occasion of the 101st birth anniversary of Atal Bihari Vajpayee, marking the creation of a major national memorial dedicated to India’s ideological and political heritage.

Key Points

• Location:
  Situated on the banks of the Gomti River in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, within the Vasant Kunj Yojana area.
  
  
  
• Development Authority:
  Developed by the Lucknow Development Authority (LDA).
  
  
  
• Area and Land Use:
  Spread across 65 acres, built on reclaimed land that earlier held around 6.5 lakh metric tonnes of legacy waste, showcasing sustainable urban regeneration.
  
  
  
• Dedicated Leaders:
  The memorial honours three prominent nationalist leaders:
  
  
  
• Atal Bihari Vajpayee – Former Prime Minister and Bharat Ratna awardee
  
  
  
• Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee – Founder of Bharatiya Jana Sangh
  
  
  
• Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya – Proponent of Integral Humanism
  
  
  
• Statues and Architecture:
  Features 65-foot-tall bronze statues of the three leaders, each weighing around 42 tonnes, surrounded by water bodies for aesthetic and symbolic significance.
  
  
  
• Museum and Cultural Infrastructure:
  Houses a lotus-shaped museum spread over 98,000 sq ft, using 3D projection, holography, and immersive digital exhibits to depict India’s national journey.
  
  
  
• Public Amenities:
  Includes an amphitheatre (3,000 seating capacity), meditation and yoga centres, and a large rally ground.
  
  
  
• Cost and Purpose:
  Built at an estimated cost of ₹230 crore, the complex aims to promote national values, leadership, public inspiration, and cultural consciousness.