Daily Current Affairs for UPSC 15th Dec 2025

Index
S.No	Topic	Page No
Daily Hindu Analysis (YouTube)
1.	How will Australia’s social media ban work?
2.	Courts must protect, not regulate free speech
3.	Are methane emissions in India being missed?
4.	‘Ponduru Khadi’ from A.P. gets Geographical Indication tag
5.	How mangroves’ cells help plants survive in saltwater
6.	Firm threatens to pull out of power project in J&K
7.	Toughest restrictions invoked as air quality drops to season’s low
8.	Indian Navy to commission second MH-60R helicopter squadron in Goa
9.	Kerala Governor says there is judicial overreach in Vice-Chancellor selection
Daily Current Affairs (App)
10.	International Fund for Agricultural Development
11.	India ranks third globally in AI competitiveness: Stanford study
12.	Ponduru khadi gets GI tag
13.	Chenchu tribe
14.	India among world’s most overworked nations, says ILO data

How will Australia’s social media ban work?

Context

The article examines Australia’s decision to impose a social media ban on children under 16, explaining the rationale behind the move, how the law will operate, the compliance burden on platforms, and concerns arising from age-verification and enforcement mechanisms.

Detailed Analysis

Rationale behind the ban

• The Australian government views social media as a fertile ground for cyberbullying, harmful content, online predators, and mental health harm to children.
  
  
• Protecting mental health and well-being of minors is cited as the primary justification for the ban.
  
  
  

What the new law provides

• Introduced through the Online Safety Amendment (Social Media Minimum Age) Bill, 2024.
  
  
• Mandates a minimum age of 16 years for creating accounts on major social media platforms.
  
  
• Parents cannot legally consent to allow children below 16 to use social media.
  
  
• Companies violating the law face penalties up to AUD 33 million.
  
  
  

Platforms covered under the ban

• Applies to nearly all major platforms, including Instagram, Facebook, TikTok, Snapchat, YouTube, X, Reddit, Twitch, and Discord.
  
  
• Platforms must take “reasonable steps” to prevent underage users from accessing services.
  
  
  

How social media firms are responding

• Meta deleted thousands of accounts of users aged 13–15 even before the law formally came into effect.
  
  
• Companies argue that a blanket ban may isolate teenagers from online communities and information.
  
  
• Platforms have flagged implementation flaws, acknowledging compliance but questioning effectiveness.
  
  
  

Age-verification mechanisms

• Platforms may require government ID, video selfies, or third-party age-verification services.
  
  
• An Australian government study found facial recognition systems had higher failure rates for children, raising accuracy concerns.
  
  
• Risks of misclassification, surveillance, and privacy infringement remain significant.
  
  
  

Drawbacks and concerns

• Privacy risks from collecting sensitive biometric and identity data of users.
  
  
• Possibility of circumvention using VPNs or fake credentials.
  
  
• Fear of creating digital exclusion for teenagers who rely on online spaces for learning and social interaction.
  
  
• Investigations revealed platforms had internal awareness of harm, including links to anxiety, depression, and loneliness, yet weak enforcement.
  
  
  

Legal and regulatory accountability

• Australian courts criticised internal practices of companies like Meta and TikTok for prioritising engagement over child safety.
  
  
• The ban shifts responsibility decisively onto platforms rather than families.
  
  
  

Suggestions:

• Move beyond blanket bans towards stronger platform accountability and safer design standards.
  
  
• Invest in child-sensitive, privacy-preserving age-verification technologies.
  
  
• Combine regulation with digital literacy, parental guidance, and mental health support.
  
  
• Periodic review of the law to address implementation gaps and unintended consequences.
  
  
  

UPSC Mains Question

“Australia’s social media ban for children under 16 highlights the tension between child protection and digital rights.”
Critically examine the implications of such regulatory approaches for democracies in the digital age.

Courts must protect, not regulate free speech

Context

The article discusses recent Supreme Court observations on online content regulation and cautions against judicial overreach that may convert courts from protectors of free speech into regulators, thereby undermining constitutional freedoms.

Detailed Analysis

Free Speech as a Democratic Pillar
• Freedom of speech is central to democracy, and any erosion directly affects democratic functioning.

• The article argues that threats to free speech can also emanate from the judiciary, not only the executive or legislature.

Existing Legal Framework in India
• India already has extensive statutory regulation through the Information Technology Act and the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS).

• Provisions such as Section 67 and 66E of the IT Act and obscenity-related sections under BNS penalise unlawful speech.

• The IT (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 create oversight mechanisms and impose prior restraints on publishers.

Judicial Expansion of Regulation: Concerns
• The Supreme Court, in recent cases, suggested that self-regulation of online content is insufficient and hinted at neutral autonomous bodies.

• The authors argue that content regulation falls within the legislative domain, not judicial policymaking.

• Courts lack technical expertise and institutional capacity to design and manage online media regulation.

Separation of Powers and Institutional Limits
• Referring to Common Cause v. Union of India (2008), the article stresses that courts must respect separation of powers.

• Judicial intervention in regulatory design risks violating constitutional boundaries.

Regulation vs Unlawful Restraint
• The article distinguishes between legitimate regulation and unconstitutional restraint.
• In Sahara India Real Estate Corp. v. SEBI (2012), the Court warned against blanket prohibitions and upheld the principle that prior censorship must be avoided.

• In Kaushal Kishor v. State of UP (2023), the Supreme Court held that restrictions beyond Article 19(2) are impermissible.

Constitutional Limits on Restrictions
• Grounds under Article 19(2) are exhaustive.

• Additional restrictions cannot be justified under the guise of balancing other fundamental rights.

• Courts themselves have historically restrained from imposing broad prohibitory measures, as seen in Adarsh Co-operative Housing Society Ltd. v. Union of India (2018).

Comparative International Experience
• Democracies like the EU, Germany, the UK, and Australia have enacted strict digital laws.

• The article warns that even democratic regulations risk sliding into surveillance and pre-censorship.

• Research cited shows courts worldwide sometimes end up facilitating executive overreach in speech regulation.

Suggestions by the Authors

• Courts should confine themselves to constitutional adjudication, not regulatory design.

• Any expansion of speech regulation must come through legislative debate, not judicial suggestion.

• Judicial scrutiny should focus on reasonableness and proportionality, not content control.

• Free speech cases require heightened caution when restrictions originate from the judiciary itself.

UPSC Mains Question
Critically examine the role of the judiciary in regulating freedom of speech in India. How does the principle of separation of powers limit judicial intervention in content regulation?

Are methane emissions in India being missed?

Context
The article examines evidence from satellite observations suggesting that India’s methane emissions, especially from landfills and waste sites, may be significantly underreported in official inventories, raising concerns about climate mitigation accuracy.

Detailed Analysis

Why Methane Matters
• Methane is about 84 times more potent than carbon dioxide over a 20-year period.

• Although shorter-lived than CO₂, it contributes heavily to near-term global warming.

• In India, methane emissions are largely associated with waste, agriculture, and fossil fuel use.

India’s Methane Profile
• About 15% of India’s methane emissions originate from the waste sector.

• Waste-related methane arises mainly from landfills, where organic matter decomposes anaerobically.

• India relies largely on model-based estimates, not continuous direct measurements.

Limitations of Current Estimation Methods
• Ground-based monitoring is sparse, expensive, and logistically complex.

• Emission inventories depend on assumptions, default factors, and infrequent updates.

• Such methods struggle to capture localized hotspots and temporal variation.

Role of Satellite Observations
• Advances in satellite technology now allow detection of methane plumes at high resolution.

• Satellites can identify emission hotspots within a few square metres, enabling targeted action.

• Studies show emissions at some Indian landfills are up to 10 times higher than official estimates.

Evidence from Indian Cities
• Landfills like Ghazipur and Bhalswa in Delhi show major discrepancies between reported and observed emissions.

• Satellite data reveal that methane releases are often concentrated in small, intense plumes, missed by models.

• Similar underestimations are observed in Ahmedabad, Mumbai, and Chennai.

Why the Gap Exists
• Official inventories cannot resolve emissions at the site-specific scale.

• Emission factors fail to reflect local waste composition, climate, and management practices.

• Lack of transparency and fragmented institutional responsibility worsen the problem.

Policy and Governance Challenges
• Pollution Control Boards primarily focus on air pollutants, not methane.

• Existing waste portals track solid waste but do not integrate methane emissions data.

• Absence of a coordinated national methane monitoring framework limits corrective action.

Opportunities from Data Integration
• Satellite data can strengthen waste management policy by identifying priority sites.

• Integrating methane monitoring into municipal solid waste governance can improve mitigation outcomes.

• India’s methane strategy can align climate goals with public health and urban management.

Suggestions by the Author

• Make satellite data the backbone of waste and methane policy.

• Combine satellite detection with ground verification and municipal action.

• Expand national waste portals to include methane emissions tracking.

• Strengthen coordination among urban bodies, Pollution Control Boards, and climate agencies.

• Use transparent, standardized data-sharing mechanisms to guide mitigation.

UPSC Mains Question
Discuss the challenges in accurately estimating methane emissions in India. How can satellite-based monitoring improve India’s climate mitigation and waste management strategies?

‘Ponduru Khadi’ from A.P. gets Geographical Indication tag

Context

Ponduru Khadi from Andhra Pradesh has been granted the Geographical Indication (GI) tag by the Geographical Indications Registry under the Union Ministry of Commerce and Industry, recognising its unique traditional production and heritage value.

Key Points

About Ponduru Khadi

• Handspun and handwoven cotton fabric originating from Ponduru village, Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh.
  
  
• Locally known as Patnulu and appreciated by Mahatma Gandhi, who wrote about it in Young India during the pre-Independence era.
  
  
• Nominated under the One District One Product (ODOP) scheme for Srikakulam district.
  
  
  

Unique Features

• Produced using indigenous cotton varieties grown in and around Ponduru.
  
  
  
• Entire production process is manual, from cotton cleaning to weaving.
  
  
• Cotton cleaning uses the jawbone of Valuga fish, a practice unique to Ponduru Khadi.
  
  
• Spinning is done using single-spindle “Gandhi Charkha” with 24 spokes.
  
  
• Fabric has a very high yarn count (100–120), giving it exceptional fineness.
  
  
  

What is a GI Tag

• A Geographical Indication (GI) identifies products having a specific geographical origin and qualities or reputation linked to that origin.
  
  
• It is a form of Intellectual Property Right (IPR) recognised under the TRIPS Agreement and Paris Convention.
  
  
  

Benefits of GI Tag

• Provides legal protection against unauthorised use.
  
  
• Grants exclusive rights to registered producers and authorised users.
  
  
• Helps prevent misuse, imitation, and misleading representation.
  
  
• Enhances market value, branding, and livelihood security for artisans.
  
  
  

GI Act, 1999

• Governed by the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999.
  
  
• Protection is granted for 10 years, renewable indefinitely.
  
  
• Establishes the Geographical Indications Registry and enforcement mechanisms.
  
  
  

Source:The Hindu

UPSC Prelims Question

Q. Consider the following statements regarding Ponduru Khadi:

1. It is a handspun and handwoven cotton fabric produced in Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh and is locally known as Patnulu.

2. The GI tag for Ponduru Khadi was granted under the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: C

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is correct: Ponduru Khadi is produced in Ponduru village of Srikakulam district and is locally called Patnulu.
  
  
• Statement 2 is correct: GI registration and protection in India are governed by the GI Act, 1999.

How mangroves’ cells help plants survive in saltwater

Context

A recent study reported explains how cell-level adaptations in mangroves enable them to survive extreme salinity, offering insights that could help develop salt-tolerant crops as sea levels rise.

Key Points

Why mangroves survive in saltwater

• Unlike most plants, mangroves tolerate high salinity and low-oxygen conditions found in coastal zones.
  
  
• Researchers found that only a few critical cell traits allow mangroves to endure salt stress.
  
  
  

Cellular adaptations

• Mangrove leaf cells have unusually small epidermal pavement cells and thicker cell walls, giving mechanical strength.
  
  
• These traits help cells withstand low osmotic potential, preventing damage from salt influx.
  
  
  

Photosynthesis and leaf structure

• Mangroves do not increase the number of stomata like inland plants.
  
  
• Instead, their cell structure enables efficient photosynthesis even under saline stress.
  
  
  

Multiple salt-management mechanisms

• Different mangrove species use different strategies:
  
  
• Some filter salt at the roots using waxy internal layers.
  
  
• Others take in salt and later excrete it through specialised leaf tissues.
  
  
  

Ecological and human relevance

• Mangroves protect coastlines from erosion, support biodiversity, and benefit coastal communities.
  
  
• Understanding their cell traits may help engineer salt-tolerant crops, aiding agriculture under climate change.
  
  
  

About Mangroves

What are mangroves

• Salt-tolerant trees and shrubs found in intertidal zones of tropical and subtropical regions.
  
  
• Thrive in saline, waterlogged, low-oxygen soils.
  
  
  

Key characteristics

• Habitat: Tidal flats, estuaries, deltas with bi-daily tidal flooding.
  
  
  
• Physiological adaptations:
  
  
• Pneumatophores (Avicennia) for respiration.
  
  
• Prop roots (Rhizophora) for support.
  
  
• Salt-secreting glands and lenticellated bark.
  
  
• Reproduction: Viviparity, where seeds germinate on the parent plant.
  
  
  

Global distribution

• Confined to tropical and subtropical regions; cannot tolerate freezing.
  
  
• FAO (2023): Global mangrove cover in 2020 was 14.8 million hectares, less than 1% of tropical forests.
  
  
• Indonesia, Brazil, Nigeria, Mexico, and Australia together hold 47% of global mangroves.
  
  
  

Mangroves in India

• ISFR 2023: 4,992 sq. km, about 0.15% of India’s geographical area.
  
  
• Major areas: Sundarbans, Bhitarkanika (Odisha), Godavari–Krishna delta, Gujarat coast, Andaman Islands.
  
  
• Sundarbans is the world’s largest contiguous mangrove forest.
  
  
  

Source: The Hindu

UPSC Prelims Question

Q. Consider the following statements regarding mangroves:

1. Mangroves possess specialised cellular traits such as thicker cell walls that help them tolerate high salinity.

2. Mangroves are found across all climatic zones, including temperate regions, due to their salt tolerance.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: A

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is correct: Thickened cell walls and other cellular traits help mangroves survive salt stress.
  
  

Statement 2 is incorrect: Mangroves are restricted to tropical and subtropical regions and cannot withstand freezing temperatures.

Firm threatens to pull out of powerproject in J&K

Context

A private infrastructure firm has warned of pulling out of a major hydropower project in Jammu and Kashmir, citing alleged political interference and security concerns affecting project execution.

Key Points

About the project

• The project is the 850 MW Ratle Hydroelectric Project on the Chenab River.
  
  
• It is being constructed in Kishtwar district, Jammu and Kashmir.
  
  
• The project is being executed by Megha Engineering and Infrastructures Ltd. (MEIL).
  
  
  

Concerns raised by the company

• Alleged political interference and local pressure in hiring and project operations.
  
  
• Threats and intimidation reportedly affecting worker safety and morale.
  
  
  
• Company warned that continued interference may force it to exit the project, causing financial and strategic losses.
  
  
  

Strategic importance

• The Ratle project is described as a key hydropower project for the region.
  
  
• It involves underground power generation infrastructure and advanced engineering.
  
  
• Any delay or exit could affect regional energy security and power availability.
  
  
  

Employment and regional impact

• The project employs over 1,400 workers, including a large number from Kishtwar and nearby districts.
  
  
• Disruptions may affect local livelihoods and investor confidence in J&K.
  
  
  

Hydropower and the Indus system

• The Chenab is part of the Indus River System, a crucial source of hydropower in northern India.
  
  
• Projects on these rivers are significant for renewable energy generation and strategic water management.
  
  
  

Major Hydroelectric Projects on the Indus River System:

Key Indian projects

• Bhakra Dam – Satluj
  
  
• Pandoh Project – Beas
  
  
• Baglihar Dam – Chenab
  
  
• Dhulhasti Project – Chenab
  
  
• Uri Hydroelectric Project – Jhelum
  
  
• Kishanganga Project – Kishanganga (Jhelum tributary)
  
  
  

Key Pakistani projects

• Tarbela Dam – Indus
• Mangla Dam – Jhelum
• Neelum–Jhelum Project – Jhelum
  
  
  

Source:The Hindu

UPSC Prelims Question

Q. Consider the following statements regarding the Ratle Hydroelectric Project:

1. It is located on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir.

2. The Chenab River is part of the Indus River System.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: C

Toughest restrictions invoked as air quality drops to season’s low

Context

Delhi–NCR recorded its worst air quality of the season, with AQI entering the severe category, leading to the invocation of the strictest pollution-control measures under the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP).

Key Points

Air Quality Situation
• AQI touched 431 (Severe category), exceeding the previous seasonal low.

• PM2.5 levels increased sharply during the day, worsening respiratory risks.

• CPCB stated that severe AQI impacts even healthy individuals and severely affects those with existing illnesses.

Emergency Restrictions Imposed
• Complete ban on BS-III petrol and BS-IV diesel four-wheelers in Delhi and NCR districts.

• Construction and demolition activities banned across the entire NCR.

• Entry of trucks restricted, except those carrying essential goods or running on LNG, CNG, electric or BS-VI fuel.

Work and Education Measures
• Schools shifted to hybrid mode, except Classes 10 and 12.

• 50% employees to work from home in government and private offices in Delhi.

• NCR States instructed to issue immediate enforcement orders.

GRAP Framework
• Restrictions fall under Stage III and Stage IV of GRAP, with Stage IV being the most stringent.

• CAQM may impose further steps, including closure of colleges, suspension of non-essential commercial activities, and odd-even vehicle rationing.

Political and Administrative Responses
• CAQM cited unfavourable meteorological conditions, including weak western disturbances, as a key factor.

• Opposition criticised the Centre for lack of long-term solutions and questioned transparency in AQI reporting.

About Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM)
• CAQM is a statutory body responsible for coordinated air pollution management in Delhi-NCR.

• It oversees the implementation of GRAP based on AQI thresholds.

Indian Navy to commission second MH-60R helicopter squadron in Goa

Context
The Indian Navy is set to commission its second MH-60R Seahawk helicopter squadron at INS Hansa, Goa, strengthening its aviation and maritime security capabilities as part of ongoing naval modernisation.

Key Points

Background of the Commissioning

• The second MH-60R squadron, INAS 335 (Ospreys), will be commissioned at INS Hansa, Goa.
  
  
• It follows the commissioning of the first MH-60R squadron at Kochi in March 2024.
  
  
  

About MH-60R Seahawk Helicopter

• A multi-role helicopter equipped with advanced weapons, sensors, and state-of-the-art avionics.
  
  
• Designed to address both conventional and asymmetric maritime threats.
  
  
• Fully integrated with fleet operations and proven in multiple operational roles.
  
  
  

Operational Significance

• Enhances anti-submarine warfare (ASW), anti-surface warfare (ASuW), surveillance, and search-and-rescue capabilities.
  
  
• Extends the operational reach of the Indian Navy and enables sustained naval operations.
  
  
• Strengthens India’s blue-water navy capabilities.
  
  
  

Strategic Importance

• Deployment in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) boosts maritime presence and deterrence.
  
  
• Reinforces India’s ability to counter evolving maritime threats and safeguard sea lanes of communication.
  
  
  

Indian Navy Modernisation Drive

• Part of a broader effort to modernise naval aviation and enhance integrated aviation capabilities.
  
  
• Reflects India’s focus on capability enhancement amid changing regional security dynamics.

Kerala Governor says there is judicial overreach in Vice-Chancellor selection

Context

The Kerala Governor criticised the Supreme Court’s interventions in the appointment of Vice-Chancellors in State universities, alleging judicial overreach and encroachment into domains assigned to constitutional and statutory authorities.

Key Points

Issue Raised by the Governor

• The Governor objected to judicial intervention in VC appointments in Digital University Kerala and APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University.
  
  
• He argued that courts should interpret the law, not amend or replace statutory procedures.
  
  
  

Argument on Separation of Powers

• Appointment powers are vested in authorities such as the Chancellor and Search Committees, as per university laws and UGC regulations.
  
  
• Judicial directions to constitute or modify search committees were termed as usurpation of institutional roles.
  
  
  

Reference to Judicial Precedents

• The Governor cited earlier judgments recognising the Chancellor’s authority in VC selection.
  
  
• He questioned why similar provisions are now being disregarded by courts.
  
  
  

Concern over Institutional Autonomy

• Courts undertaking administrative functions was said to undermine autonomy of universities.
  
  
• Emphasised that every institution must function within its legally defined domain.
  
  
  

Role of Vice-Chancellor (VC)

Principal Authority of the University

• The VC is the Principal Academic and Executive Officer of the university.
  
  
• Acts as a bridge between the executive and academic wings.
  
  
  

Leadership and Governance Role

• Expected to possess integrity, leadership qualities, academic excellence, and administrative experience.
  
  
• Plays a key role in maintaining quality, relevance, growth, and adaptability of higher education institutions.
  
  
  

Statutory and Administrative Functions

• Ex-officio Chairman of the Court, Executive Council, Academic Council, Finance Committee, and Selection Committees.
  
  
• Presides over convocations in the absence of the Chancellor.
  
  
  

Ensuring Legal Compliance

• Responsible for ensuring that Acts, Statutes, Ordinances, and Regulations are fully observed.
  
  
• Must be vested with adequate powers to discharge these duties effectively.
  
  

Expert Committee Emphasis

Importance of the VC’s role highlighted by the Radhakrishnan Commission (1948), Kothari Commission (1964–66), Gnanam Committee (1990), and Ramlal Parikh Committee (1993).

International Fund for Agricultural Development

Syllabus: GS-II — International Relations; International Institutions
GS-III — Agriculture; Rural Development

Context

The Government of India highlighted its achievements in rural transformation and development leadership at the IFAD–India Day event held in Rome, showcasing India’s experience in poverty alleviation and inclusive growth.

Key points

About IFAD

• Nature: An international financial institution and a specialised agency of the United Nations.
  
  
• Established: 1977, through a UN General Assembly Resolution.
  
  
• Objective: Dedicated to eradicating poverty and hunger in rural areas of developing countries.
  
  
  

Mandate and focus areas

• Empowers rural people to enhance food security and improve nutrition.
  
  
• Operates in remote and environmentally fragile regions, including Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS).
  
  
• Supports research, innovation, institutional change, and pro-poor technologies.
  
  
  

Funding and assistance

• Provides grants and financial assistance for rural development programmes.
  
  
  
• Extends two types of grants:
  
  
• Global or regional grants
  
  
• Country-specific grants
  
  
  

Membership and governance

• Membership: 180 Member States, including India.
  
  
• India’s role: Founding member of IFAD.
  
  
• Governing Council: Highest decision-making body, meets once every three years.
  
  
  

Institutional details

• UN affiliation: Member of the United Nations Development Group (UNDG).
  
  
• Headquarters: Rome, Italy.
  
  
  

Source: PIB

UPSC Prelims Practice Question

Q. Consider the following statements regarding the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD):

1. IFAD is a specialised agency of the United Nations established in 1977 to eradicate rural poverty and hunger.

2. India is a founding member of IFAD and its headquarters is located in Geneva.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: A

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is correct: IFAD is a UN specialised agency established in 1977 with a mandate to reduce rural poverty and hunger.
  
  
  
• Statement 2 is incorrect: Although India is a founding member, IFAD’s headquarters is in Rome, Italy, not Geneva.
  

India ranks third globally in AI competitiveness: Stanford study

Syllabus: GS-III — Science and Technology: Artificial Intelligence; Innovation and Technology Policy

Context

India has emerged as the world’s third most competitive country in artificial intelligence, according to Stanford University’s Global AI Vibrancy Tool, marking a major milestone for a lower-middle-income economy.

Key points

Stanford AI Vibrancy Rankings

• United States: Ranked 1st with a vibrancy score of 78.6, leading in research, infrastructure, policy, and economic impact.
  
  
  
• China: Ranked 2nd with a score of 36.95, driven by talent development, infrastructure, and AI-led economic activity.
  
  
  
• India: Ranked 3rd with a score of 21.59, ahead of the UK, Japan, Germany, France, Canada, Singapore, and South Korea.
  
  
  

Assessment framework

• Rankings are based on indicators such as R&D output, talent availability, investment flows, infrastructure readiness, governance frameworks, and public perception.
  
  
  
• The tool provides a composite measure of a country’s AI ecosystem vibrancy.
  
  
  

Drivers of India’s performance

• Large pool of skilled engineers and strong technology education base.
  
  
  
• Growing AI research output and academic contributions.
  
  
  
• Rapidly expanding startup ecosystem with increasing AI adoption.
  
  
  
• Ranked among the top three globally in AI talent availability.
  
  
  

India’s unique global position

• Strong correlation observed between national income levels and AI competitiveness.
  
  
  
• India stands out as the only lower-middle-income country in the global top three.
  
  
  
• Reflects India’s role as a bridge between advanced economies and emerging markets through innovation-led growth.
  
  
  

Source: The Hindu

UPSC Prelims Practice Question

Q. Consider the following statements regarding the Stanford Global AI Vibrancy Tool:

1. It ranks countries based on indicators such as AI research, talent, investment, infrastructure, and governance.

2. India is the only lower-middle-income country placed among the top three in global AI competitiveness.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: C

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is correct: The AI Vibrancy Tool uses multiple indicators covering research, talent, investment, infrastructure, and policy.
  
  
  
• Statement 2 is correct: India uniquely ranks in the top three despite being a lower-middle-income country.
  

Ponduru khadi gets GI tag

Syllabus: GS-I — Indian Culture: Handicrafts; Geographical Indications

Context

Ponduru khadi, a traditional handspun fabric from Andhra Pradesh, has been granted the Geographical Indication (GI) tag by the GI Registry under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

Key points

• What it is: Ponduru khadi is a handspun and handwoven cotton fabric from Ponduru village, Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh.
  
  
  
• Local name: Known locally as Patnulu.
  
  
  
• Historical significance: Praised by Mahatma Gandhi in Young India during the pre-Independence period.
  
  
  
• ODOP status: Nominated under the One District One Product (ODOP) scheme for Srikakulam district.
  
  
  

Production features

• Cotton varieties: Made from hill cotton, punasa cotton, or red cotton.
  
  
  
• Indigenous source: Cotton is locally grown in and around Ponduru.
  
  
  
• Manual process: Entire production, from cotton cleaning to weaving, is done manually.
  
  
  

Unique characteristics

• Cotton cleaning: Uses the jawbone of Valuga fish, a practice unique to Ponduru khadi worldwide.
  
  
  
• Spinning method: Only place in India where single-spindle 24-spoke charkhas (Gandhi Charkha) are still used.
  
  
  
  

Source: The Hindu

UPSC Prelims Practice Question

Q. Consider the following statements regarding Ponduru khadi:

1. Ponduru khadi is a handspun cotton fabric from Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh and has recently received a GI tag.

2. The cotton used for Ponduru khadi is imported from other States and the spinning is done using multi-spindle power charkhas.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: A

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is correct: Ponduru khadi originates from Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh, and has been granted a GI tag.
  
  
  
• Statement 2 is incorrect: The cotton is indigenous, and spinning is done using single-spindle Gandhi Charkhas, not power charkhas.
  

Chenchu tribe

Syllabus: GS-I — Indian Society: Tribes; Indian Culture
GS-II — Governance: Tribal Affairs

Context

The National Sanskrit University (NSU) organised a symposium and exhibition highlighting the special religious privilege of the Chenchu tribe in relation to the Ahobilam shrine and the worship of Lord Narasimha.

Key points

About the Chenchu Tribe

• Habitat: A forest-dwelling, food-gathering tribe primarily residing in the Nallamalai forests of Andhra Pradesh.
  
  
  
• Distribution: Also found in Telangana, Karnataka, and Odisha.
  
  
  
• Tribal status: Classified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) in Andhra Pradesh.
  
  
  
• Language: Speak variants of Telugu, a Dravidian language.
  
  
  

Social organisation

• Settlement: A Chenchu village is called a “Penta”, consisting of a few kinship-based huts.
  
  
  
• Family structure: Small conjugal families; women enjoy equal status with men.
  
  
  
• Leadership: Village affairs are guided by the “Peddamanishi” (village elder).
  
  
  
• Social life: Rituals are simple with limited religious or political specialisation.
  
  
  

Livelihood

• Subsistence pattern: Primarily hunter-gatherers, relying on forest resources.
  
  
  
• Tools: Traditionally use bow and arrow and a small knife.
  
  
  
• Forest produce: Collect roots, fruits, tubers, beedi leaves, mohua flowers, honey, gum, tamarind, and green leaves.
  
  
  
• Economic outlook: Limited attachment to money or material wealth; occasionally work as forest labourers.
  
  
  

Religion and temple association

• Beliefs: Worship multiple deities and have adopted certain Hindu practices.
  
  
  
• Temple link: Traditionally associated with the Srisailam temple (Lord Shiva and Devi Brahmaramba).
  
  
  
• Special privilege: Enjoy distinct ritual privileges at Srisailam, reflecting their deep historical connection with the shrine.
  
  
  

Source: The Hindu

UPSC Prelims Practice Question

Q. Consider the following statements regarding the Chenchu tribe:

1. The Chenchus are classified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) in Andhra Pradesh.

2. They are traditionally associated with the Srisailam temple and enjoy special ritual privileges there.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: C

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is correct: The Chenchus are recognised as a PVTG in Andhra Pradesh.
  
  
  
• Statement 2 is correct: They have a long-standing association with the Srisailam temple and enjoy special privileges there.
  

India among world’s most overworked nations, says ILO data

Syllabus: GS-II — Governance: Labour reforms; Workers’ welfare
GS-III — Indian Economy: Employment; Productivity; Human capital

Context

Recent International Labour Organization (ILO) data shows that India is among the most overworked countries globally, intensifying concerns over worker well-being and fuelling policy debate on regulating work hours.

Key points

Findings from ILO data (2024)

• Indian workers clock an average of 45.7 hours per week.
  
  
  
• India ranks alongside Bangladesh, Mongolia, and Iran among high-intensity labour economies.
  
  
  
• Average working hours are significantly higher than in developed economies, where hours have declined due to labour protections and productivity gains.
  
  
  

Structural drivers of long working hours

• Large informal sector with weak enforcement of labour regulations.
  
  
  
• Job insecurity and competitive labour markets pushing workers to extend workdays.
  
  
  
• Digital connectivity in white-collar jobs normalising after-hours work.
  
  
  
• Cultural norms equating long hours with commitment and productivity.
  
  
  

Implications for workers

• Rising risks of burnout, mental fatigue, and declining well-being.
  
  
  
• Blurring of work–life boundaries, especially in service and technology sectors.
  
  
  
• Potential long-term impact on productivity and human capital quality.
  
  
  

Policy debate: Right to Disconnect

• ILO findings have renewed attention on the proposed Right to Disconnect Bill, 2025.
  
  
  
• Objective is to protect employees from work-related communication outside official hours.
  
  
  
• Supporters stress the need for mental health protection and work-life balance.
  
  
  
• Critics warn against reduced flexibility in global-facing and time-sensitive industries.
  
  
  

Changing workforce expectations

• Younger employees increasingly prioritise work-life balance over long-hour cultures.
  
  
  
• Signals a broader shift in India’s labour market towards well-being-centric employment norms.
  
  
  

Source: The Hindu

UPSC Prelims Practice Question

Q. Consider the following statements regarding working hours in India as per recent ILO data:

1. Indian workers average more than 45 hours of work per week, placing India among the most overworked nations globally.

2. The ILO data indicates that developed economies generally record higher average working hours than developing economies.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: A

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is correct: ILO data places India among countries with the longest average weekly working hours.
  
  
• Statement 2 is incorrect: Developed economies generally have lower average working hours due to stronger labour protections and productivity-led growth.