Index
S.No	Topic	Page No
Daily Hindu Analysis (YouTube)
1.	The danger of an unchecked pre-crime framework
2.	India’s invasive species present a dilemma: document or conserve
3.	Trade pact a launchpad for growth: U.K. PM
4.	Trio wins Chemistry Nobel for bridging metals and organics
5.	IAF marks 93rd anniversary with ceremonial parade at Hindon Base
6.	India to boost solar pumps scheme in Africa, island nations
Daily Current Affairs (App)
7.	India’s First Animal Birth Control (ABC) Training Centre Inaugurated in Lucknow
8.	Rajasthan Inaugurates Its First Biodiversity Park — Namo Biodiversity Park (NAMO VAN) in Alwar
9.	Uttar Pradesh Launches ‘Good Samaritan’ Initiative to Encourage Road Accident Rescue Efforts
10.	Indian Coast Guard Ship (ICGS) Akshar Commissioned at Karaikal, Puducherry

The danger of an unchecked pre-crime framework

Syllabus Mapping:

• GS Paper 2:
• Indian Constitution — Fundamental Rights (Article 21, 22)
• Judiciary and Constitutional Safeguards
• Role of Supreme Court in Protecting Liberty

Context: The article discusses the growing concern over the misuse of preventive detention laws in India, especially after the Supreme Court’s 2025 verdict in Dhanya M.V. vs. State of Kerala under the Kerala Anti-Social Activities (Prevention) Act, 2007 (KAAPA).
While the Court struck down the preventive detention order, it reiterated that preventive detention must be used sparingly and cannot become a substitute for regular criminal prosecution. The judgment reaffirms India’s constitutional commitment to liberty, due process, and the rule of law, but highlights a worrying trend of administrative overreach. Background: The Constitutional Framework 1. Preventive Detention in the Constitution (Articles 22(3)–(7)):

• Incorporated into the Constitution as an exception to Fundamental Rights under Articles 19 and 21.
• Allows detention of a person without trial if authorities believe it is necessary to prevent them from acting in a manner prejudicial to public order or national security.
• Parliament and State Legislatures are empowered to make laws on preventive detention.

2. Key Constitutional Provisions:

• Article 21: Protection of life and personal liberty — no person shall be deprived of liberty except according to procedure established by law.
• Article 22:
• (1)-(2): Safeguards for those arrested under ordinary criminal law.
• (3)-(7): Exceptions for preventive detention, allowing detention without trial for specified periods.
• Maximum Detention Periods:
• Up to 3 months without obtaining the opinion of an Advisory Board of judges.
• Can be extended to 12 months or more if authorised by Parliament (e.g., NSA).

3. Major Preventive Detention Laws in India:

• National Security Act, 1980 (NSA) – to maintain public order and security.
• Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities (COFEPOSA) Act, 1974 – economic security.
• Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), 1967 – anti-terror framework.
• Preventive Detention Acts in States like Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, etc.

Judicial Interpretation and Safeguards A. Early Judicial Views

• A.K. Gopalan vs. State of Madras (1950):
  The Court upheld preventive detention under Article 22 as constitutionally valid, but was criticised for isolating personal liberty from due process.
• Justice Fazl Ali’s dissent later influenced future interpretations by linking Article 21 with fairness and procedure.

B. Evolving Safeguards

• Maneka Gandhi vs. Union of India (1978): Expanded Article 21 to include the right to fair, just and reasonable procedure — influencing preventive detention jurisprudence.
• Rekha vs. State of Tamil Nadu (2011): Preventive detention must not be used when ordinary law suffices.
• Banka Sneha Sheela vs. State of Telangana (2022): Reaffirmed that preventive detention can be justified only under “exceptional circumstances”.
• S.K. Nazeem vs. State of Telangana (2023): Preventive detention not valid for mere law-and-order issues; must relate to public order.
• Dhanya M.V. vs. State of Kerala (2025): Preventive detention under KAAPA struck down; Court emphasised strict adherence to constitutional safeguards.

Preventive Detention vs. Punitive Detention

Basis	Preventive Detention	Punitive Detention
Objective	To prevent future offenses	To punish past offenses
Nature	Detention without trial	Detention after conviction
Constitutional Basis	Article 22(3)–(7)	Article 21 + Criminal Laws
Duration	Up to 12 months (extendable)	As per judicial sentence
Judicial Oversight	Limited; Advisory Board	Complete judicial review

Concerns and Criticisms

1. Erosion of Liberty:

Preventive detention directly contradicts fundamental rights of liberty and equality (Articles 14, 19, 21). 

 2. Ambiguity between “Public Order” and “Law and Order”:

Governments often misuse preventive detention for minor law-and-order issues or political dissent. 

 3. Subjective Satisfaction:

The authority’s subjective belief often replaces objective evidence, diluting due process. 

 4. Pre-Crime Framework:

The idea of detaining someone to prevent a future act, similar to the Minority Report concept, risks punishing individuals for what they might do, not for what they have done.

 5. Lack of Accountability:

Most preventive detention orders lapse before judicial review, allowing arbitrary executive action. 

  Recent Trends and Cases

• Widespread use of preventive detention under NSA for social media posts, protests, or minor disturbances.
• Supreme Court (2022–25) repeatedly warned states against using preventive detention as a “shortcut for convenience” instead of lawful prosecution.
• Rising number of detentions under State laws like KAAPA, PASA (Gujarat), and PD Act (Telangana) shows administrative misuse.

UPSC Mains: “Preventive detention, though constitutionally sanctioned, poses a grave challenge to individual liberty and rule of law.” Examine in light of recent judicial trends and constitutional provisions.

India’s invasive species present a dilemma: document or conserve

Syllabus Mapping:

• GS Paper 3: Environment and Ecology — Conservation, Biodiversity, Environmental Degradation, Invasive Species

Context: India faces a growing challenge from invasive alien species (IAS) — non-native plants, animals, and microorganisms that disrupt local ecosystems, threaten biodiversity, and alter landscapes.
As the number of invasive species expands rapidly, conservationists are divided on whether India should first document all invasive species and their ecological impacts or simultaneously focus on conservation of native biodiversity before it’s too late.

  What are Invasive Alien Species (IAS)?

• Definition: Species that are introduced, intentionally or accidentally, outside their natural habitats and whose establishment threatens ecosystems, habitats, or native species.
• Introduction pathways:
• As ornamental plants or aquarium species.
• As part of reforestation or soil restoration drives.
• Through trade, transport, or accidental release.
• Characteristics: High adaptability, rapid reproduction, and ability to outcompete native species for food, water, and habitat.

India’s Current Scenario

• India has over 3,500 invasive species (out of 37,000 alien species introduced so far), of which about 10% have shown significant ecological and economic impact.
• Every year, nearly 200 new alien species are added to Indian ecosystems.
• Invasive species are a key driver of biodiversity loss and ecosystem imbalance in India — especially in agricultural, aquatic, and forest ecosystems.

Major Invasive Species in India

Ecosystem	Invasive Species	Impact
Terrestrial (Forests & Crops)	Lantana camara	Suppresses native vegetation, affects elephants and herbivores.
	Parthenium hysterophorus (Congress grass)	Causes allergies, reduces crop yield.
	Prosopis juliflora	Drains groundwater, reduces grazing area.
Aquatic Ecosystems	Eichhornia crassipes (Water Hyacinth)	Blocks sunlight, deoxygenates water, threatens aquatic fauna.
	Pistia stratiotes (Water Lettuce)	Reduces fish diversity, affects wetlands.
Insect Invasions	Anoplolepis gracilipes (Yellow Crazy Ant)	Kills native insects, disrupts ecological food chains.
Coastal/Marine	Tilapia fish (introduced for aquaculture)	Outcompetes native fish, alters breeding cycles.

Ecological and Economic Impacts

1. Biodiversity Loss: o IAS displace native flora and fauna. o Some native species become locally extinct (e.g., decline of native fish in Kerala lakes due to Tilapia). 

  2. Soil and Water Degradation: o Lantana camara and Prosopis juliflora change soil pH and moisture levels. o Aquatic invasives block sunlight and cause eutrophication. 

  3. Agricultural and Livelihood Impacts: o Invasive weeds like Parthenium and Eupatorium reduce crop productivity. o Pastoral-farmer networks are disrupted by the loss of grazing lands. 

  4. Economic Burden: o Estimated annual losses run into thousands of crores due to reduced crop yield, ecosystem restoration costs, and fisheries losses. 

  5. Cultural and Heritage Loss: o Displacement of traditional land-use practices and local ecosystem knowledge. 

  Case Study: Kaziranga National Park (Assam)

• The water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) — one of the world’s worst invasives — has spread across lakes, paddy fields, and wetlands.
• It blocks sunlight, reduces oxygen in water, and disrupts the feeding grounds of migratory birds.
• Efforts to remove it mechanically have been costly and temporary, as it regenerates quickly.

The Document vs. Conserve Dilemma 

  1. Document First:

• Requires comprehensive research on the number, distribution, and impact of invasive species.
• Helps policymakers design region-specific eradication and control plans.
• Challenge: Time-consuming and resource-intensive — ecosystems may collapse before documentation completes.

2. Conserve in Parallel:

• Prioritize conservation of native and endemic species even as documentation continues.
• Allows for adaptive management — combining scientific data collection with immediate field interventions.
• Example: Simultaneous control of Lantana while restoring native grasslands in Bandipur and Mudumalai.

Poor Coordination and Governance

• India lacks a centralized database or coordinated national invasive species management framework.
• Jurisdictional overlaps among MoEFCC, Forest Departments, Agriculture Ministry, and State Biodiversity Boards delay action.
• Absence of real-time monitoring and rapid response systems for new invasions worsens the situation.

Conservation Framework in India Legal and Policy Measures:

• Biological Diversity Act, 2002 – empowers regulation of access to biological resources but lacks specific IAS control measures.
• National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) and State Biodiversity Boards – responsible for maintaining People’s Biodiversity Registers (PBRs).
• National Biodiversity Action Plan (NBAP) 2014–2020 – recognizes IAS as a key threat and advocates control and eradication.
• Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) – Article 8(h) mandates countries to prevent and control IAS.
• Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017 – restrict introduction of exotic species in notified wetlands.
• ICAR and ZSI – conduct species-level risk assessments.

UPSC Mains 

Q. “Invasive alien species pose one of the biggest yet least-discussed threats to India’s biodiversity. Discuss the challenges in managing invasive species and suggest an integrated framework for their control and documentation.”

Trade pact a launchpad for growth: U.K. PM 

  Syllabus Mapping: GS2: Bilateral, regional, and global groupings and agreements involving India, India’s foreign policy and economic diplomacy. GS3: Indian Economy — Trade Agreements, FDI, and Economic Growth, Inclusive growth and globalisation.

  Context: The recent visit of U.K. Prime Minister Keir Starmer to India marks a major milestone in strengthening bilateral relations under the India–U.K. Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), signed in July 2025.

The visit, which includes meetings with Prime Minister Narendra Modi and top business leaders, is aimed at operationalising the agreement and deepening cooperation across trade, investment, technology, and people-to-people ties — aligning with Vision 2035, the roadmap for India–U.K. relations. 

  Background: The India–U.K. Economic Relationship

• The U.K. is India’s 6th largest foreign investor, accounting for nearly 5% of total FDI inflows.
• Bilateral trade between the two countries stood at USD 20 billion (2024–25), with ambitious plans to double it by 2030.
• India and the U.K. share a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (2021) that spans defence, climate, education, and digital innovation.

About the India–U.K. CETA 

  1. Objective: To expand trade, investment, and cooperation across goods, services, and capital, while facilitating mobility of skilled professionals.

  2. Key Provisions:

• Duty-Free Access: U.K. to provide duty-free access on 99.1% of its tariff lines, immediately upon enforcement.
• Tariff Reductions: Covers textiles, whisky, cars, pharmaceuticals, agricultural goods, and more.
• Investment Promotion: Targets an annual bilateral trade boost of £25.5 billion.
• Regulatory Cooperation: Simplifies business approvals and promotes joint standards in technology and services.
• Labour Mobility: Eases short-term work visas and simplifies tax/social security regulations under the Double Contributions Convention (DCC) — reducing dual social contributions for Indian workers in the U.K.
• Vision 2035 Framework: Focus on defence co-production, green technology, and mobility partnerships.

Economic and Strategic Significance

1. For India

• Export Boost: Enhanced access to the U.K. market for Indian textiles, leather, gems, and pharmaceuticals.
• Investment Opportunities: Encourages British FDI in renewable energy, electric mobility, fintech, and aerospace.
• Job Creation: Expanding trade and manufacturing investments are expected to generate lakhs of jobs in India.
• Technology Transfer: Supports innovation through collaborations in AI, quantum computing, semiconductors, and advanced materials.
• Ease for Skilled Workers: Reduction in mobility restrictions and social security costs will benefit Indian IT and professional service sectors.

2. For the U.K.

• Access to India’s Growing Market: India projected to become the 3rd largest economy by 2028.
• Diversification Post-Brexit: Strengthens the U.K.’s global trade network post-EU exit.
• Strategic Presence in the Indo-Pacific: Reinforces the U.K.’s ‘Global Britain’ policy by partnering with a major democratic power in Asia.

Broader Strategic Dimensions 

  1. Defence and Security: o Joint R&D and co-production of advanced platforms under the Defence Industrial Roadmap (2024). o Cooperation in cyber and maritime security. 

  2. Climate and Green Growth: o Collaboration in green finance, sustainable energy transitions, and electric vehicle ecosystems. o India’s focus on clean energy complements U.K. green investment capabilities. 3. Education and People-to-People Links: o U.K. remains one of the most preferred destinations for Indian students. o Initiatives under the Migration and Mobility Partnership aim to increase student and professional exchanges.

  4. Film and Cultural Diplomacy: o Collaboration between U.K. studios and Bollywood (e.g., Yash Raj Films shooting projects in U.K. from 2026). o Strengthening soft power and creative industries. 

  Complementary Agreements

• Double Contributions Convention (DCC): Exempts Indian professionals in the U.K. from dual social security payments for up to three years.
• Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT): Under negotiation to protect investors and boost confidence.
• Defence and Technology Roadmap (2024): Joint R&D and co-development in defence and critical technology.

Significance in Global Context

• The CETA comes at a time of global economic fragmentation, where regional blocs are redefining trade networks.
• Strengthens India’s position in the Indo-Pacific as a key economic partner and counterbalance to China’s influence.
• For the U.K., it reinforces economic resilience post-Brexit while aligning with India’s Atmanirbhar Bharat and Make in India initiatives.

UPSC Prelims Q. Match the following trade agreements of India with the respective partner countries/groups:

List I – Trade Agreement (Full Name)	List II – Partner Country / Group
A. Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA)	1. Australia
B. Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ECTA)	2. United Arab Emirates (UAE)
C. Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA)	3. United Kingdom (U.K.)
D. Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA)	4. European Free Trade Association (EFTA) — Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein

Answer: A-2 B-1 C-4 D-3

Trio wins Chemistry Nobel for bridging metals and organics

Syllabus Mapping:

• GS Paper 3: Science and Technology – Developments and their Applications

Context: The 2025 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Richard Robson (Australia), Susumu Kitagawa (Japan), and Omar Yaghi (Jordanian–American) for discovering and developing a new class of materials known as Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs).
Their work has revolutionised materials science by bridging metals and organic compounds, leading to innovations in environmental cleanup, water harvesting, and energy storage. 

  What are Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs)?

• Definition: MOFs are crystalline materials composed of metal ions connected by organic linker molecules, forming a porous, lattice-like structure.
• These frameworks act like sponges at the molecular level — capable of trapping, storing, or filtering gases and molecules.
• MOFs are unique because they are lightweight, flexible, and highly porous, often containing thousands of tiny cavities per crystal.

Key Contributions of the Nobel Laureates 

  1. Richard Robson (University of Melbourne, Australia): o First developed a metal–organic crystal using copper ions and a four-armed organic molecule, forming a well-ordered porous structure (similar to zeolites). o Demonstrated the potential of combining metals and organics to form stable, repeatable molecular frameworks. 

  2. Susumu Kitagawa (Kyoto University, Japan): o Showed that gases can flow in and out of these frameworks without collapsing them. o Developed “soft MOFs” that expand and contract like a lung, changing shape when filled with water or gases such as methane, and returning to the original shape when emptied.

  3. Omar Yaghi (University of California, Berkeley, USA): o Coined the term “metal–organic frameworks” in the 1990s. o Created stable and flexible MOFs that can capture water from desert air, store hydrogen, and trap carbon dioxide. o Introduced rational and AI-based design to modify MOFs for specific applications. 

  Applications and Significance 

  1. Environmental Sustainability: o Capture and storage of carbon dioxide, helping mitigate climate change. o Purification of air and water, including removal of pharmaceutical residues and toxic chemicals (PFAS). 2. Energy and Resource Utilisation: o Hydrogen and methane storage for clean energy technologies. o Water harvesting from desert air, aiding water-scarce regions. 

  3. Medical and Industrial Use: o Targeted drug delivery, gas separation, and catalysis. o High surface area allows MOFs to act as molecular sieves or chemical sensors.

  Scientific Importance

• MOFs represent a new frontier in materials chemistry, combining the stability of inorganic materials with the flexibility of organic compounds.
• Their rational design approach marks a shift toward programmable materials, with immense scope for AI-assisted molecular design.
• The discovery has opened up possibilities for next-generation nanotechnology, green chemistry, and sustainable energy solutions.

UPSC Prelims: Q. With reference to Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs), consider the following statements: 

 1. MOFs are crystalline materials made up of metal ions connected by organic linkers forming porous structures. 

 2. They are primarily used for carbon capture, water harvesting, and hydrogen storage. 

 3. The term “Metal–Organic Framework” was first coined by Japanese chemist Susumu Kitagawa. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only

(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

 Answer: (b) 1 and 2 only

IAF marks 93rd anniversary with ceremonial parade at Hindon Base

Syllabus Mapping: GS Paper 3: Defence Technology and Modernisation, Indigenisation of Defence Production, Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology

  Context: The Indian Air Force (IAF) marked its 93rd anniversary on October 8, 2025, with a ceremonial parade at the Hindon Air Base, showcasing its legacy, operational excellence, and technological evolution.

In the same month, the IAF is also set to receive its first indigenously developed Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas Mk1A, representing a major milestone in India’s push for self-reliance under the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative in defence manufacturing. Together, these developments symbolise a strategic shift toward a modern, agile, and self-reliant Air Force capable of meeting contemporary and future challenges. 1. Historical Background and Legacy

• The Indian Air Force was established on October 8, 1932, as an auxiliary air force of the British Empire.
• From modest beginnings with Wapiti biplanes, the IAF has evolved into the fourth-largest air force in the world, with a mix of indigenous and imported aircraft.
• The IAF’s motto, “Touch the Sky with Glory,” reflects its commitment to operational excellence, speed, and precision.
• The 93rd anniversary parade at Hindon included flypasts by Mi-17 helicopters in “Dhvaj formation,” display by the Air Warrior Drill Team, and an aerial show featuring Rafale, Su-30MKI, Apache, MiG-29, C-17 Globemaster, and C-130J Super Hercules.

2. Symbolism of the 93rd Anniversary Parade

• The event celebrated the IAF’s transition from imported legacy systems to indigenous capabilities, underscoring its “Train like we fight” doctrine.
• Chief of Air Staff, Air Chief Marshal Amar Preet Singh, highlighted Operation Sindoor as a demonstration of the IAF’s operational excellence and reaffirmed confidence in indigenous defence platforms.
• The event also honoured 97 air warriors for meritorious service, symbolising professional dedication and innovation.
• A special Heritage Flight section showcased vintage aircraft like the Tiger Moth, HT-2, and Harvard, narrating the IAF’s technological journey.

3. Indigenous Modernisation Drive: Arrival of Tejas Mk1A About LCA Tejas Mk1A

• The Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas Mk1A represents India’s push toward indigenous fighter jet development under the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) programme.
• The first batch of two Tejas Mk1A fighters will be formally handed over to the IAF on October 17, 2025, at the HAL facility in Nashik, in the presence of Defence Minister Rajnath Singh.
• The aircraft is a product of decades of research by DRDO, HAL, and Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA).

Key Features of Tejas Mk1A

Category	Specifications / Features
Type	4.5 generation Light Combat Aircraft (Single-engine multirole jet)
Engine	GE-F404-IN20 (with future upgrade to GE-F414 for Tejas Mk2)
Range	3,000 km; Combat radius 500 km
Speed	Mach 1.8 (2,200 km/h)
Avionics	AESA radar, modern electronic warfare suite, digital fly-by-wire, helmet-mounted display
Weapons	Air-to-air, air-to-ground missiles, smart bombs, and precision-guided munitions
Role	Designed for air defence, ground attack, and reconnaissance missions

HAL Contract and Production

• HAL was awarded a contract in 2021 to deliver 83 Tejas Mk1A aircraft worth ₹48,000 crore.
• Originally slated for February 2024, deliveries were delayed due to engine supply constraints from GE Aerospace.
• HAL now targets completion within four years (by 2029).
• Negotiations for 97 additional Tejas Mk1A fighters are in advanced stages.
• The IAF aims to eventually replace the aging MiG-21 fleet with Tejas squadrons.

4. India’s Air Power Challenges and Expansion Plans Operational Challenges

• The IAF’s optimal strength is 42 combat squadrons, but it currently operates around 29 squadrons, resulting in a capability gap.
• Two MiG-21 squadrons have recently been decommissioned, further stressing force levels.

Future Induction Plans

• Medium Role Fighter Aircraft (MRFA): Proposal to acquire 114 multirole fighters (potential contenders include Rafale, Gripen, F-21).
• Rafale Made-in-India Plan: The Defence Ministry is considering a plan for Made-in-India Rafales, with at least 18 aircraft to be produced domestically in the coming years.
• The aim is to reach a sustainable rate of 30–40 aircraft induction per year to maintain readiness.

5. IAF’s Strategic Vision: “Atmanirbhar Vayu Shakti” Indigenisation Efforts

• The IAF has increasingly shifted focus to indigenous development under “Make in India” and IDDM (Indigenously Designed, Developed, and Manufactured) categories.
• Major indigenous systems include:
• Tejas LCA
• Akash Missile System
• ASTRA Beyond Visual Range (BVR) Missile
• DRDO AEW&CS Airborne Warning Systems
• Rustom-II and TAPAS UAVs
• Collaboration with private sector and startups under Innovate for Defence Excellence (iDEX) is accelerating aerospace innovation.

Doctrine of Future Air Warfare

• The IAF is investing in AI-driven aerial surveillance, drone warfare, stealth technology, and network-centric operations.
• Emphasis on “speed, precision, and dominance” defines the operational doctrine for the next decade.

UPSC Prelims Q. With reference to the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas Mk1A, consider the following statements: 1. It is a single-engine, multirole, 4.5-generation combat aircraft developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). 2. It is equipped with an Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar and digital fly-by-wire system. 3. The Tejas Mk1A is powered by an indigenous Kaveri engine developed by DRDO. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

 Answer: (a) 1 and 2 only

India to boost solar pumps scheme in Africa, island nations 

  Syllabus Mapping:

• GS Paper 2: India’s Foreign Policy – International Cooperation, India and Its Neighbourhood
• GS Paper 3: Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development, Government Schemes

Context: The Government of India plans to expand the PM-KUSUM (Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan) scheme to several African and island nations through the International Solar Alliance (ISA) platform.
This move aligns with India’s global renewable energy diplomacy and its commitment to promoting sustainable energy solutions in developing countries. 

  What is PM-KUSUM Scheme?

• Launched: 2019 by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)
• Objective: To boost solar energy infrastructure in agriculture by promoting solar power generation and reducing dependence on diesel and grid electricity.
• Budget: ₹34,000 crore

Key Components of PM-KUSUM 

  1. Component A: o Installation of 10,000 MW of decentralized grid-connected renewable power plants on barren/fallow lands. 

  2. Component B: o Installation of 17.5 lakh standalone solar pumps for irrigation. 

  3. Component C: o Solarization of 10 lakh existing grid-connected agriculture pumps to ensure efficient energy use.

  Recent Developments

• India is showcasing the PM-KUSUM and PM Surya Ghar (rooftop solar programme) under the International Solar Alliance (ISA) to countries struggling with energy access and rural connectivity.
• The initiative seeks to promote solar-based decentralised energy models for agriculture in African and island nations.
• These countries face similar challenges as rural India — lack of reliable grid power and dependence on fossil fuels for irrigation.

India’s Solar Diplomacy and Global Outreach Through the International Solar Alliance (ISA):

• The ISA, jointly launched by India and France in 2015 at COP21 (Paris), now has over 120 member countries.
• It promotes solar energy adoption, financing, and technology transfer in tropical countries.
• India’s outreach to Africa and Small Island Developing States (SIDS) is part of its “One Sun, One World, One Grid (OSOWOG)” initiative to establish a transnational solar power grid.

The International Solar Facility (ISF):

• Announced under the ISA in 2023, the ISF acts as a global financial mechanism to mobilise $20–25 billion by 2030 for solar projects in developing countries.
• Its objective is to provide concessional financing, risk guarantees, and blended finance to unlock private investment.
• India contributes as a lead member, positioning itself as a climate finance provider rather than a recipient—marking a paradigm shift in global energy diplomacy.
• The ISF particularly focuses on:
• Africa and SIDS, where access to clean energy is limited.
• Decentralised solar infrastructure such as off-grid solar pumps, rooftops, and micro-grids.
• Capacity building and technology transfer through Indian public and private sector collaboration (e.g., NTPC, IREDA, and Solar Energy Corporation of India).

PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana

• A complementary domestic initiative launched in 2024, offering up to 300 units of free electricity for households adopting rooftop solar panels.
• The scheme aims to install 1 crore rooftop solar systems across India, enhancing energy independence.
• India now seeks to replicate its rooftop solar model in partner countries through ISA–ISF cooperation.

Targets and Performance

• Original Target:
  100 GW of solar power capacity in agriculture by 2022 (including 30.8 GW under PM-KUSUM).
• Revised Target:
  348 GW total solar capacity by March 2026.
• Progress (as of September 2025):
• Around 70% of standalone solar pumps have been installed.
• Decentralised grid-connected solar projects lag behind, with only 6% progress.
• 16–25% of grid-connected solar pumps have been commissioned.

Significance of Expansion

1. Energy Diplomacy: o Strengthens India’s role as a leader in global renewable energy transition, particularly in the Global South. o Enhances South–South Cooperation under the ISA framework. 

  2. Sustainable Agriculture: o Promotes clean energy use in irrigation and reduces carbon emissions. o Reduces dependence on diesel and enhances farmer income through sale of surplus solar power.

  3. Geopolitical Advantage: o Expanding solar projects in Africa and island nations helps India counterbalance China’s influence through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). o Supports India’s image as a development partner committed to climate justice.

  4. Alignment with Global Goals: o Supports SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and SDG 13 (Climate Action). o Reinforces commitments made under Paris Climate Agreement and India’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).

  UPSC Prelims: Q. With reference to the PM-KUSUM Scheme, consider the following statements: 

 1. It aims to install solar pumps and grid-connected renewable energy plants in the agricultural sector. 

 2. The scheme is implemented by the Ministry of Power. 

 3. It allows farmers to sell surplus solar power to the grid. 

 Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

 (a) 1 only

(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

 Answer: (b) 1 and 3 only

India’s First Animal Birth Control (ABC) Training Centre Inaugurated in Lucknow 

  Syllabus: GS Paper II – Government Policies and Interventions (Animal Welfare and Urban Governance) Context: The Lucknow Municipal Corporation (LMC) has inaugurated India’s first dedicated Animal Birth Control (ABC) Training Centre in Jarhara, aimed at strengthening the management and sterilisation of street dogs through humane and scientific methods. 

  Key Points:

• Collaborative Initiative: The centre is a joint effort of the LMC, Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI), Uttar Pradesh Government, and Humane World for Animals India.
  
  
• Objective: To enhance skills and capacity for effective street dog population management and ensure animal welfare and public safety.
  
  
• Training Duration: A 15-day programme combining theory and practical sessions.
  
  
• Curriculum Focus: Covers dog handling, anaesthesia, sterilisation techniques, and post-operative care for humane sterilisation practices.
  
  
• Target Participants: Veterinarians, para-veterinarians, animal handlers, and NGOs involved in animal welfare.
  
  
• Certification: Participants receive certification upon completion, improving their professional credibility.
  
  
• Approach: Promotes a holistic and humane method of controlling stray dog populations rather than relying solely on surgical procedures.
  
  

About Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI):

• Established: 1962 under Section 4 of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960.
  
  
• Founder: Late Smt. Rukmini Devi Arundale, a noted humanitarian.
  
  
• Mandate: Promote animal welfare and prevent unnecessary suffering of animals.
  
  
• Headquarters: Chennai.
  
  
• Functions: Advises governments on animal welfare issues, provides financial and educational support to Animal Welfare Organisations.
  
  
• Composition: 28 members with a 3-year term, including representatives from government bodies and animal rights activists.
  
  
  

Source: The Hindu

Rajasthan Inaugurates Its First Biodiversity Park — Namo Biodiversity Park (NAMO VAN) in Alwar

Syllabus: GS Paper III – Environment and Ecology (Conservation, Biodiversity, and Sustainable Development)

  Context: Rajasthan’s first biodiversity park, named Namo Biodiversity Park (NAMO VAN), was inaugurated at Pratap Bandh, Alwar, by Union Minister Bhupender Yadav. The initiative aims to enhance greenery, improve air quality, and promote environmental awareness among citizens.

  Key Points:

• Objective: The park seeks to increase green cover and act as a green lung for Alwar and its surroundings.
  
  
• Environmental Role: Supports biodiversity conservation, climate mitigation, and urban pollution control through afforestation.
  
  
• Educational Purpose: Visitors are encouraged to learn about local ecosystems, sustainable lifestyles, and conservation practices.
  
  
• Social Engagement: Promotes public participation and community-led conservation, fostering a culture of environmental stewardship.
  
  
• State-Level Importance: Represents a major step in Rajasthan’s green infrastructure development, complementing afforestation and anti-desertification initiatives.
  
  
• Government Involvement: Led by Union Minister Bhupender Yadav and Rajasthan Cabinet Minister Sanjay Sharma, showing strong governmental commitment to sustainability.
  
  
• Future Vision: NAMO VAN is envisioned as a model for similar biodiversity parks across India, encouraging eco-friendly behaviour and youth involvement in conservation.
  
  

Source: The Hindu

Uttar Pradesh Launches ‘Good Samaritan’ Initiative to Encourage Road Accident Rescue Efforts 

  Syllabus: GS Paper II – Government Policies and Interventions Context: The Uttar Pradesh government has launched the ‘Good Samaritan’ initiative (2025) to reward citizens who help road accident victims reach hospitals within the critical ‘golden hour’, aiming to curb the state’s high rate of road accident deaths. 

  Key Points:

• Purpose: The initiative encourages timely assistance to road accident victims to reduce fatalities caused by delayed medical care.
  
  
• Background: In 2023, India reported 1.6 lakh road accident deaths, with Uttar Pradesh accounting for 22,532 deaths (14% of total).
  
  
• Legal Definition: As per the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, a Good Samaritan is one who helps accident victims in good faith, without expecting any reward.
  
  
• Title for Volunteers: Those assisting victims under the scheme are recognised as ‘Raah-Veer’ (Path Heroes).
  
  
• Reward Structure: Each Raah-Veer receives a certificate and ₹25,000 for helping critically injured victims.
  
  
• Applicability: The scheme covers accidents involving motor vehicles that cause severe injuries or death during treatment.
  
  
• Reward Sharing: If multiple individuals assist one victim, the reward is shared; however, if one person helps several victims, the reward remains ₹25,000.
  
  

Source: The Hindu

Indian Coast Guard Ship (ICGS) Akshar Commissioned at Karaikal, Puducherry 

  Syllabus: GS Paper III – Internal Security (Maritime Security and Defence Indigenisation) Context: The Indian Coast Guard Ship (ICGS) Akshar was commissioned on 4 October 2025 at Karaikal, Puducherry. It is the second vessel in the Adamya-class Fast Patrol Vessel (FPV) series, built by Goa Shipyard Limited under the ‘Make in India’ initiative to enhance India’s maritime surveillance and security capabilities. 

  Key Points:

• Builder: Constructed by Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL), reflecting India’s indigenous defence manufacturing push.
  
  
• Class & Series: Second in the Adamya-class FPVs, designed for speed and operational versatility.
  
  
• Specifications:
  
  
• Length: 51 metres
  
  
• Displacement: Around 320 tons
  
  
• Indigenous Content: Over 60% of components are domestically produced.
  
  
• Design Focus: Emphasises speed, endurance, and flexibility, integrating indigenous propulsion and weapon systems.
  
  
• Operational Base: Stationed at Karaikal, Puducherry, under the command of the Coast Guard Region (East) and District Headquarters No. 13.
  
  
• Primary Roles:
  
  
• Maritime surveillance in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
  
  
• Search and rescue (SAR) operations
  
  
• Pollution control and response
  
  
• Enforcement of maritime laws and anti-smuggling patrols
  
  
• Significance: Strengthens India’s coastal security architecture and showcases progress in self-reliant naval capability.
  
  
  

Source: PIB