Daily Current Affairs (CA ) for UPSC 29th Sep 2025

Index
S.No	Topic
Daily Hindu Analysis (YouTube)
1.	What an empty plate of food should symbolize
2.	Analysing Indian States’ macro-fiscal health
3.	Clustering maize plants together can improve their insect resistance
4.	Buy local, make country self-reliant: PM to citizens
5.	Astrosat, India’s first space observatory, completes a decade among the stars
6.	Not just one-horned rhino, Kaziranga Park also harbours a rich variety of insects, spiders
7.	Can an ivermectin pill keep malaria from being transmitted?
8.	Indus river dolphins eating lots of microplastics
9.	UNESCO includes India’s Cold Desert to global biosphere list
Daily Current Affairs
10.	Ethambutol Hydrochloride
11.	Ecuador
12.	Syphilis
13.	Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA), 1958
14.	Prayas Neuro Rehabilitation Centre
15.	Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari Initiative

What an empty plate of food should symbolize?

Syllabus Mapping: 

GS Paper III – Major crops, cropping patterns, issues relating to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices; Food processing and related industries; Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation; Inclusive growth and issues arising from it. 

  Why in News?

• September 29: Observed as International Day of Awareness of Food Loss and Waste (IDAFLW), highlighting the global crisis of food wastage and its links to food security, nutrition, and climate change.
• In India, despite being one of the largest food producers, post-harvest losses remain substantial across multiple agricultural sectors.

What is it All About?

• Food loss: Reduction in food quantity or quality in the production, post-harvest, and processing stages.
• Food waste: Discarding of food at the retail and consumption level.
• India faces staggering losses—estimated at ₹1.5 trillion annually (~3.7% of agri-GDP).
• Losses affect nutrition security, farmer incomes, sustainability, and climate goals.

Core Content Analysis 

1. Scale of the Problem

• Fruits & vegetables: Losses 10–15% (most vulnerable).
• Staples: Paddy (4.8%), wheat (4.2%).
• Every tonne of wasted food = lost nutrition + wasted energy, water, and labour.
• Post-harvest losses lead to 33 million tonnes of CO₂-equivalent emissions annually.

2. Climate Change Link

• Agriculture contributes significantly to GHG emissions.
• Food loss = waste of embedded resources (water, fertilizers, energy).
• Reducing waste directly lowers emissions and helps India meet SDG 12.3 (Responsible Consumption & Production).

3. Economic & Social Impact

• Annual loss = ~₹1.5 trillion → reduces farmer incomes.
• Wastage leads to inflationary pressures in food markets.
• Affects nutritional outcomes, worsening child malnutrition.
• Challenges food security despite surplus production.

4. Structural Issues

• Poor storage & transport → especially for perishables.
• Inadequate cold chain, poor infrastructure, and fragmented supply chains.
• Lack of modern logistics, pre-cooling facilities, affordable packaging.

Government Initiatives Existing Programs 

 1. PM Kisan Sampada Yojana (PMKSY) – For modernizing agro-processing and logistics clusters.  

2. Mega Food Parks Scheme – To promote integrated cold chain and storage facilities. 

3. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana – Rebranded schemes for agro-marine processing, cold storage, and logistics. 

4. Food Processing Industries Ministry Initiatives – Value addition and reducing wastage.

 5. National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013 – Indirectly linked to better utilization of food. 

 6. Digital solutions – o FAO Food Loss App (FLAPP) (launched in 2023 in 30+ countries, including India). o Use of AI, sensors, and forecasting tools for transport/storage efficiency. 

Proposed/Highlighted in the Article

• Infrastructure: Cold storages, low-cost chambers, moisture-proof silos.
• Technology: AI forecasting, digital tracking apps.
• Policy Measures: Circular economy solutions → composting, biogas, bioenergy.
• Civil Society Role: Awareness campaigns, community kitchens, surplus food redistribution.

Global & National Context

• India’s challenge is twofold: feeding its population while reducing waste.
• Food loss directly linked to:
• SDG 2 (Zero Hunger),
• SDG 12.3 (Halve global food waste by 2030),
• SDG 13 (Climate Action).
• FAO + NIFTEM study underlines India’s first integrated state-district food loss data → crucial for policy targeting.
• Broader Initiatives:
• Save Food Share Food Initiative (MoCAFPD): Promotes surplus donation in food industry/caterers to prevent waste.
• National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA): Integrates climate-resilient storage; part of NAPCC.
• Mega Food Parks Scheme: 42 parks operational, reducing post-harvest losses by 20% via integrated chains.
• Food Redistribution Programs: Under NFSA (2013), surplus from FCI godowns redistributed; NGOs like Feeding India collaborate.
• Swachh Bharat Mission 2.0 (2021-26): Includes waste-to-energy from food discards.
• Recent 2025 Efforts: Food Forward 2025 (WRI-India event) for innovations; WRAP-Clinton Global Initiative for household waste reduction; Taskforce against FLW (Indo-Dutch partnership) targeting 40% reduction. Intensified under Atmanirbhar Bharat, with ₹1,200 crore for cold chains in Budget 2025.

Way Forward

• Strengthen farm-to-market logistics with cold chain networks.
• Invest in affordable storage technologies at farmer/SHG levels.
• Promote circular economy – composting, biogas from food waste.
• Leverage digital technology & AI for demand-supply forecasting.
• Strengthen public-private partnerships in food processing.
• Create awareness among consumers on mindful consumption.

UPSC Mains

Q. Post-harvest food loss is not just an economic issue but a threat to India’s food security and climate commitments. Examine. (15M, 250 words)
Analysing Indian States’ macro-fiscal health

Syllabus Mapping

• GS Paper III (Economy): Government budgeting, resource mobilization, inclusive growth.
• GS Paper II (Governance): Federalism, Finance Commission, CAG audits.

Why in News?

• The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) released a detailed analysis of Indian States’ macro-fiscal positions.
• Findings show that while States prospered in the 2010s due to reforms, better tax collection, and booming growth, the COVID-19 pandemic reversed many of these gains.
• Most States now face rising borrowings, higher fiscal stress, and uneven fiscal performance.

What is it All About?

• States’ finances deteriorated sharply post-2020 due to:
• Shrinking revenues (taxes and GST compensation).
• Increased emergency expenditure (healthcare, welfare, subsidies).
• Borrowings shot up across States, and debt sustainability concerns emerged.
• The CAG report highlights the need to study State finances not just through numbers but via structural and institutional contexts.

Core Content Analysis 

  1. State Borrowings (Key Stats from CAG)

• Rajasthan’s borrowings rose from ₹82,899 crore in 2016-17 to ₹1,60,505 crore in 2022-23.
• Tamil Nadu borrowings doubled from ₹65,443 crore to ₹1,10,602 crore.
• Telangana borrowings rose to ₹48,194 crore, liabilities at ~28% of GSDP.
• West Bengal: Borrowings ~₹87,521 crore in 2022-23.
• Uttar Pradesh: Liabilities at ~37% of GSDP, borrowings ₹1,70,664 crore.
• Maharashtra: Borrowings ~₹2,65,025 crore in 2022-23, liabilities ~20% of GSDP.
• Kerala: Debt burden ~37% of GSDP, highest among States.

2. Strengths

• Surpluses in some States:
• Gujarat posted a revenue surplus (₹6,700 crore).
• Uttar Pradesh managed a surplus despite social spending.
• Welfare focus: Several States prioritized health, education, subsidies.
• Growth drivers: States with better industrial bases (Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Karnataka) attract higher investments.

3. Weaknesses

• High Borrowings: Rajasthan, TN, WB, Kerala, Punjab among worst hit.
• Uneven revenue base: Some States heavily dependent on Union transfers and GST compensation.
• Populist spending: Freebies, subsidies, and welfare schemes strain fiscal space.
• Debt sustainability risks: Kerala, Punjab, Rajasthan, Bihar flagged as high-risk States with debt >35% of GSDP.
• Reduced fiscal autonomy: Dependence on Centre for compensation makes States fiscally vulnerable.

4. Policy Angle

• Centre-State Fiscal Relations:
• GST regime reduced States’ tax autonomy.
• Compensation cess ended in 2022, leaving States exposed.
• Welfare vs Fiscal Prudence Dilemma:
• Freebies & subsidies are politically attractive but fiscally unsustainable.
• Delayed capital expenditure squeezes development priorities.
• CAG Recommendations:
• States should align borrowings with productive investment.
• Need for fiscal responsibility frameworks at State level.

Broader Implications: Economically, persistent deficits could crowd out private investment, slowing India's 7% growth target. Socially, it affects welfare (e.g., delayed MGNREGA payments in high-deficit states); environmentally, unchecked borrowing funds unsustainable projects (e.g., irrigation in water-stressed Punjab). Ethically, intergenerational burden from rising debt (projected 40% GDP by 2030 if unchecked). Future-oriented: AI-driven fiscal monitoring and green bonds could enhance sustainability, but requires FRBM compliance (only 60% states met 2024-25 targets). 

  5. Government Initiatives & Institutional Framework

• FRBM Act (2003): Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act – sets fiscal deficit and debt targets.
• 14th & 15th Finance Commissions: Recommended greater devolution to States (42%, later reduced to 41%).
• GST Compensation Mechanism: Supported States post-GST rollout (ended 2022).
• NITI Aayog & RBI Studies: Regularly flag fiscal sustainability concerns.
• State-specific FRLs (Fiscal Responsibility Legislations): Legal frameworks to discipline borrowing.

Way Forward 

 1. Reforms in State Finances: o Strengthen tax base, improve GST compliance. o Rationalize subsidies and freebies.  2. Debt Management: o Align borrowings with productive infrastructure. o Introduce stricter debt ceilings for high-risk States.  3. Strengthen Cooperative Federalism: o Centre must provide predictable transfers. o States should avoid over-reliance on short-term populist schemes. 4. Welfare + Growth Balance: o Focus on capital expenditure (infrastructure, health, education) over revenue expenditure. o Promote Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) for welfare delivery.   

UPSC Mains 

Q. “The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the fragile macro-fiscal health of Indian States, intensifying the debate between welfare spending and fiscal prudence.” Discuss the challenges faced by States in maintaining fiscal sustainability and suggest policy measures to strengthen cooperative fiscal federalism. (15 Marks, 250 words)

AstroSat, India’s first dedicated multi-wavelength space astronomy observatory, has completed 10 years of operation

Syllabus Mapping GS Paper III (Science & Technology): Developments in space technology; Achievements of Indians in S&T; Indigenization of technology. GS Paper II (Governance): Role of institutions (ISRO) in development; International relations via collaborations. 

  Why in News?

• AstroSat, India’s first dedicated multi-wavelength space astronomy observatory, has completed 10 years of operation since its launch on September 28, 2015 by PSLV-C30 (XL) from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota.
• Though designed for a mission life of 5 years, it continues to provide valuable astronomical data a decade later.

What is it All About?

• AstroSat was launched by ISRO as India’s first multi-wavelength space observatory.
• It observes the universe in visible light, ultraviolet, and high-energy X-rays.
• Achievements:
• Detection of FUV (far-ultraviolet) photons from galaxies 9.3 billion light years away.
• Studied black holes, neutron stars, Proxima Centauri, and various cosmic phenomena.

Core Analysis 

  1. Scientific Significance

• Multi-wavelength capability: Covers a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum simultaneously.
• Contributions to global astronomy: Complements other major international observatories like NASA’s Hubble and Chandra.
• Extended life span: Designed for 5 years but continues beyond 10 years, showing reliability of Indian space engineering.

2. Payloads (Key Instruments)

1. UVIT – Ultra Violet Imaging Telescope. 

 2. LAXPC – Large Area X-ray Proportional Counter. 

 3. CZTI – Cadmium-Zinc-Telluride Imager. 

 4. SXT – Soft X-ray Telescope.

 5. SSM – Scanning Sky Monitor. 3. Collaborative Effort

• Jointly developed with participation from:
• Inter University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA),
• Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR),
• Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA),
• Raman Research Institute (RRI),
• International partners from Canada and the USA.

4. Strategic Importance

• Strengthens India’s space science capabilities.
• Contributes to scientific diplomacy through global collaborations.
• Boosts India’s standing in space technology and research alongside major spacefaring nations.

Significance AstroSat represents a milestone in India's space program, transitioning from basic satellite launches to advanced scientific missions. It aligns with ISRO's broader ecosystem, including missions like Chandrayaan and Aditya-L1, enhancing India's global standing in space research. Nationally, it promotes self-reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat) in high-tech instrumentation and STEM education. Internationally, collaborations with Canada and the UK underscore science diplomacy, while open data access democratizes astronomy for researchers worldwide. In the context of the growing space economy (India's projected share: ~$13 billion by 2025), AstroSat highlights the shift toward commercial and scientific exploitation of space, supporting policies like the 2023 Indian Space Policy that encourage private sector involvement. 

UPSC Prelims MCQ 

 Q. Match the following ISRO missions with their primary objectives/instruments:

Mission	Objective / Feature
1. AstroSat	a. Multi-wavelength space observatory studying UV, visible, and X-rays
2. Chandrayaan-1	b. Discovery of water molecules on the Moon using M3 instrument (NASA collaboration)
3. Mangalyaan (MOM)	c. India’s first interplanetary mission to study Martian atmosphere
4. Chandrayaan-3	d. Soft-landing near lunar south pole with rover deployment

Select the correct match: A) 1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-d
B) 1-b, 2-a, 3-d, 4-c
C) 1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a
D) 1-a, 2-c, 3-b, 4-d 

 Answer: A) 1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-d
Buy local, make country self-reliant: PM to citizens 

  Syllabus Mapping

• GS Paper III (Economy): Inclusive growth, indigenization; Government schemes for artisans.
• GS Paper II (Governance): Public policy interventions; Role of media/radio in outreach.

Why in News:Prime Minister Narendra Modi, in the 126th edition of his monthly radio address 'Mann Ki Baat' on September 28, 2025, urged citizens to prioritize purchasing locally made goods and Khadi during the upcoming festive season to strengthen India's economy and support artisans. He also highlighted the centenary celebrations of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), commended the historic circumnavigation achievement by two Indian Navy women officers, and emphasized self-reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat) amid ongoing initiatives like GST rate cuts. Analysis: · The call is tied to the vision of Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-Reliant India), strengthening domestic industry, boosting entrepreneurs, and reviving traditional crafts. Relevant initiatives include: · Atmanirbhar Bharat: A national campaign launched in 2020 to promote self-reliance across sectors, emphasizing local manufacturing and consumption. · Vocal for Local: Initiated in 2020 to encourage citizens to buy Indian products, especially during festivals, supporting MSMEs and artisans. · PM Vishwakarma Yojana: Launched in 2023 to provide skill training, credit, and marketing support to traditional artisans and craftspeople, including Khadi weavers. · Make in India: Launched in 2014 to facilitate investment and foster innovation in manufacturing, aligning with Swadeshi promotion. · GST Bachat Utsav: Introduced in 2025 with GST rate cuts (effective September 22, 2025) to boost consumer spending on local goods. · Nari Shakti Initiatives: The naval achievement highlights women empowerment under initiatives like 'Nari Shakti' and India's growing maritime capabilities via projects like Sagar Mala. · In a broader global context, it promotes sustainable local economies amid supply chain disruptions, while fostering national unity during festivals. · It aligns with SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth) by creating jobs; promotes cultural nationalism enhancing social cohesion   UPSC Prelims In the context of Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Mann Ki Baat address in September 2025, which organization celebrated its 100-year foundation anniversary, highlighted for its role in restoring national self-confidence during colonial rule? (a) Indian National Congress (b) Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)  (c) All India Trade Union Congress (d) Bharatiya Janata Party  Answer: b

Clustering maize plants together can improve their insect resistance.

Syllabus: GS Paper III - Agriculture: Major crops, cropping patterns, and issues related to farm produce; Science & Technology: Developments in biotechnology for resilient agriculture. Why in News?

• Researchers at China’s Zhejiang University, in collaboration with partners from the Netherlands and Switzerland, have discovered a new plant communication mechanism that can make maize crops more resistant to insect attacks.
• Their findings, published in Science, suggest that maize plants clustered together can boost insect resistance by releasing signaling molecules.

What is it All About?

• Maize (Zea mays):
• World’s most widely grown grain.
• Used for food, feed, biofuel, and industrial raw material.
• Challenges:
• Climate change → rising temperatures, erratic weather → crop stress.
• Dependence on large-scale, high-density monocultures → increased vulnerability to pests and diseases.
• Projections: Average global maize productivity could fall up to 24% by late 21st century under high-emissions scenarios.
• New Discovery:
• When a maize plant was exposed to insect attack, it released linalool, a volatile compound.
• Neighboring maize plants clustered together detected this signal and strengthened their defenses.
• This communication boosts the crop’s collective resistance to pests.

Core Content Analysis 

  1. Mechanism of Plant Communication

• Insect attack → maize plant activates jasmonate signaling → triggers release of linalool.
• Linalool acts as a warning signal → nearby plants activate defenses → increased pest resistance.
• Role of HIBODAC (histone deacetylase complex):
• Removes repressive marks on plant defense genes.
• Enables strong defensive response.

2. Implications for Agriculture

• Reduced pesticide use: Harnessing natural communication could cut chemical dependency.
• Breeding strategies: Knowledge of linalool signaling may allow scientists to select maize varieties better adapted to pest resistance.
• Sustainability: Supports eco-friendly farming, aligning with SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) and SDG 13 (Climate Action).

3. Broader Significance

• Food Security: Maize is central to global diets; pest-resistant varieties critical for yield stability.
• Climate Resilience: As climate change intensifies pest threats, natural plant defenses are vital.
• Research Frontier: Study opens new dimensions in plant-plant communication and epigenetics.
• By fostering natural pest resistance through clustering, it minimizes chemical pesticide use, which contributes to soil degradation and emissions—key CSA pillars.
• In India, where climate change intensifies pest outbreaks (e.g., fall armyworm invasions since 2018), this supports adaptive farming amid erratic monsoons and rising temperatures.

UPSC Prelims 

In India, maize (Zea mays) is mainly grown as:

 A) A Kharif crop, requiring warm weather and moderate rainfall.
B) A Rabi crop, suited only to cool and dry climates.
C) A crop grown exclusively in hilly states like Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand.
D) A plantation crop requiring tropical wet evergreen conditions. 

 Answer: A)

Not just one-horned rhino, Kaziranga Park also harbours a rich variety of insects, spiders 

  Why in News?

• A new rapid survey in Kaziranga National Park and Tiger Reserve has documented 283 species of insects and spiders in a woodland habitat.
• This highlights the park’s role not only as the world’s safest address for the one-horned rhinoceros but also as a hotspot of invertebrate diversity.

What is it All About?

• The study was conducted by entomologists with the Corbett Foundation, supported by Kaziranga’s frontline forest personnel.
• Findings:
• 283 species recorded → 85 species of butterflies and moths (30%), 40 species of bees/wasps (14%), 35 species of beetles (12%), 29 species of spiders (10%).
• Insects & spiders play a crucial role in seed dispersal, soil health, pollination, and pest control.
• Draws attention to the urgent need for insect conservation, especially under climate change pressures.

About Kaziranga National Park

• Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site (1985).
• Located in Assam, spread over 1,307 sq. km.
• Famous for:
•  (2,613 as per 2024).
• Also hosts tigers, elephants, wild water buffalo, swamp deer.
• Part of Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong landscape, a vital wildlife corridor.

Rivers Flowing Through Kaziranga

• The Brahmaputra River flows along its northern boundary.
• Several small rivers and streams such as Mora Diphlu, Diphlu, Mora Dhansiri flow through the park.
• These river systems shape the floodplain ecosystem, which is critical for wildlife and vegetation diversity.

Core Content Analysis 

 1. Ecological Significance

• Kaziranga is celebrated for its megafauna, but the insect-spider survey underlines micro-faunal richness.
• Insects & spiders → keystone species ensuring ecosystem stability.
• Conservation of “small life forms” is as important as “charismatic species”.

2. Climate Change & Biodiversity

• Nearly 40% of insect species are in decline globally due to habitat loss, deforestation, and climate change.
• Kaziranga shows resilience but is vulnerable to these pressures.

3. Policy & Governance

• Assam govt. emphasizes community participation and scientific surveys for conservation.
• Links with national programs: Project Tiger, Project Elephant, National Biodiversity Mission.

4. Global Context

• Supports India’s commitments under:
• Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
• Aichi Biodiversity Targets / Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.

UPSC Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements regarding Kaziranga National Park: 1. It is located on the floodplains of the Brahmaputra River in Assam. 

 2. It is home to the world’s largest population of the great Indian one-horned rhinoceros. 

 3. The park is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site. 

 4. Only large mammals like rhinos and elephants are found here, and no micro-faunal diversity has been recorded. Which of the above statements is/are correct? 

 A) 1 and 2 only
B) 1, 2 and 3 only
C) 2, 3 and 4 only
D) 1, 3 and 4 only 

 Answer: B) 1, 2 and 3 only

Can an ivermectin pill keep malaria from being transmitted? Syllabus: GS Paper III - Science & Technology: Developments in health biotechnology; GS Paper II - Issues relating to Health. Why in News?

• Recent results from the BOHEMIA trial in Kenya revealed that monthly administration of ivermectin significantly reduced malaria cases by 26% among children aged 5–15 years, with children living farther from untreated areas enjoying even greater protection.
• This has renewed global interest in ivermectin as a tool to curb malaria transmission by targeting mosquitoes through the human host.

What is it All About?

• Ivermectin: Originally introduced in the 1970s as a veterinary antiparasitic drug, later used in humans against river blindness (onchocerciasis) and lymphatic filariasis.
• Unique property: When mosquitoes bite treated humans, ivermectin kills the mosquitoes from inside their body.
• Clinical trials are investigating whether mass drug administration (MDA) of ivermectin can reduce malaria transmission.
• BOHEMIA Trial (Kenya):
• Conducted in Kwale County with 85% bed-net coverage.
• Villagers (aged 5–15) given monthly ivermectin or albendazole for six months.
• Result: Malaria cases dropped 26% in the ivermectin group.
• Other trials:
• Mozambique: Inconclusive due to cyclone disruption.
• Guinea-Bissau (2024): Large-scale trial with 25,000 participants to test ivermectin alongside dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine.

Core Content Analysis 

  1. Significance for Malaria Control

• Current challenge: While global malaria cases dropped by 80% since 2000s, progress has slowed; in 2023, malaria claimed nearly 6 lakh lives, 95% in Africa.
• India: Significant success but faces transmission persistence in Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Northeast.
• Gap: Existing tools (bed nets, insecticide sprays) have limitations due to resistance in mosquitoes.

2. Potential of Ivermectin

• Works by killing mosquitoes feeding on humans.
• Could complement existing strategies (nets, vaccines, insecticides).
• Offers a new vector control pathway through the human reservoir.

3. Challenges and Concerns

• Resistance risk: Widespread use may cause resistance in non-target parasites (ticks, lice, scabies mites).
• Safety: Trials excluded pregnant women & children <15kg; side effects like headache & dizziness noted.
• Efficacy: Mixed trial results; higher doses, long-acting formulations, or drug combinations may be needed.
• Surveillance gap: Only 18 of 82 reviewed studies examined impact on mosquito populations.

India's Initiatives Regarding Malaria 

 India aims for malaria elimination by 2030 under the National Strategic Plan for Malaria Elimination (2023-27), building on a 97% case reduction since 1947. 

Key schemes:

• National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP, 1953): Evolved into elimination focus with surveillance and rapid response.
• Intensified Malaria Elimination Project-3 (IMEP-3, 2024): Targets 159 high-burden districts in 12 states, emphasizing vulnerable groups.
• High Burden to High Impact (HBHI): WHO-supported for 11 states, focusing on diagnostics, nets, and spraying.
• Malaria Elimination Research Alliance-India (MERA-India): ICMR-led for evidence-based tools, including drug trials.
• Other: Distribution of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs), Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS); PM Modi's 2025 endorsement for momentum. Ivermectin, used in filariasis MDA, could be explored for malaria adjuncts per trial insights.

UPSC Prelims 

 With reference to mosquitoes and human diseases, consider the following pairs:

Mosquito species	Disease transmitted
1. Anopheles	Malaria
2. Aedes aegypti	Dengue and Chikungunya
3. Culex	Japanese Encephalitis

Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched? A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) 1, 2 and 3 

 Answer: D

Indus river dolphins eating lots of microplastics 

  GS Paper III (Environment, Biodiversity, and Disaster Management): GS Paper II: (transboundary Indus issues, treaty implications); "Government policies and interventions" (PWM Rules, Project Dolphin as welfare for ecosystems). GS Paper I :"Salient features of world's physical geography" (river systems, biodiversity); "Distribution of key natural resources" (water resources in South Asia). Why in News?

• Recent research shows that Indus river dolphins are ingesting significant amounts of microplastics, mainly textile fibers and PET (Polyethylene terephthalate) from packaging plastics.
• Microplastics were especially concentrated in the small intestine, raising alarm about plastic pollution in river ecosystems.
• The health of Indus dolphins is seen as a barometer of the Indus river’s ecological condition.

What is it All About?

• Researchers examined the stomachs and intestines of five stranded dolphins.
• The findings highlight:
• Direct ingestion of plastics.
• Indirect exposure via contaminated prey.
• Indicates widespread plastic pollution in freshwater ecosystems, impacting endangered species.

Types of Dolphins 1. Marine Dolphins (Saltwater)

• Found in oceans and seas globally.
• Examples: Bottlenose Dolphin, Orca (Killer Whale).

2. Freshwater Dolphins

• Rare, restricted to a few major river systems.
• Species include:
• Indus River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica minor) → Pakistan & parts of India.
• Ganges River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica) → India, Nepal, Bangladesh.
• Amazon River Dolphin (Boto) (Inia geoffrensis) → South America.
• Yangtze River Dolphin (Baiji) (Lipotes vexillifer) → China (functionally extinct).

Core Content Analysis 1. Ecological Significance

• Indus dolphins are an indicator species → their health reflects overall river ecosystem health.
• Microplastic ingestion threatens their survival, fertility, and longevity.

2. Environmental Concerns

• Microplastics = plastics <5mm, originate from packaging, textiles, and industrial waste.
• Persistent pollutants → accumulate in water, soil, and food chain.
• Pose risks to biodiversity, food security, and human health.

3. Policy & Conservation

• Legal protection: Indus River Dolphin is classified as Endangered under IUCN Red List.
• India: Protected under Schedule I of Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
• Conservation projects: National Aquatic Animal status (for Ganges dolphin, indirectly benefits Indus dolphins).
• Need for plastic waste management, river cleanup, and stricter regulations.

4. Broader Context

• Links with SDG 14 (Life Below Water) and SDG 15 (Life on Land).
• Plastic pollution is a transboundary challenge → requires regional cooperation (India–Pakistan for Indus basin).

UPSC Prelims Q. Consider the following statements about the Indus River Dolphin: 1. It is an exclusively freshwater dolphin species found in South Asia. 2. It is listed as Endangered in the IUCN Red List. 3. It is legally protected in India under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 (Schedule I). 4. It is also declared as the National Aquatic Animal of India. Which of the above statements are correct? A) 1 and 2 only
B) 1, 2 and 3 only
C) 2, 3 and 4 only
D) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

 Answer: B) 1, 2 and 3 only



UNESCO includes India’s Cold Desert to global biosphere list Syllabus Mapping

• GS Paper 3: Biodiversity, conservation, sustainable development.
• GS Paper 2: Environmental governance, international organizations (UNESCO).
• GS Paper 1: Geography – ecological regions, flora & fauna.

Why in News?

• India’s Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve (Himachal Pradesh) has been included in UNESCO’s World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR).
• With this, India now has 13 biosphere reserves recognized globally by UNESCO.
• Announcement was made at the 37th session of UNESCO’s International Coordinating Council of the Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme in Paris.

What is it All About?

• Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve:
• Location: Lahaul-Spiti district, Himachal Pradesh.
• Area: ~7,770 sq. km.
• Landscape: High-altitude, arid, dramatic terrain.
• Known for: Snow leopards, Himalayan ibex, medicinal plants, unique cold desert ecology.
• This inclusion highlights global recognition of India’s efforts in biodiversity conservation, sustainable use of natural resources, and community participation.

What is the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR)?

• A global network launched under UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme (1971).
• Objective: Promote conservation, sustainable development, and scientific research.
• Biosphere reserves are divided into core, buffer, and transition zones to balance ecology with human activity.
• Currently, 740+ sites in over 134 countries are part of WNBR.
• India’s presence:

• Out of 18 biosphere reserves in India, 13 are part of WNBR (including Nilgiri, Sundarbans, Gulf of Mannar, Nokrek, Great Nicobar, Pachmarhi, Similipal, Achanakmar-Amarkantak, Agasthyamala, Khangchendzonga, Panna, Shahradiya, and now Cold Desert).

Core Content Analysis 1. Ecological Significance

• Cold Desert ecosystems are fragile but rich in biodiversity.
• Habitat for endangered species (Snow Leopard, Tibetan antelope).
• Important medicinal plants and unique desert-adapted flora.

2. Climate Change Context

• Cold deserts are highly vulnerable to global warming, glacial retreat, and desertification.
• Conservation crucial for climate resilience.

3. Governance and Conservation

• Managed through zonal system (core, buffer, transition) under MAB guidelines.
• Balances biodiversity conservation with local community livelihoods.
• Linked with India’s National Biodiversity Action Plan.

4. Global Recognition

• Enhances India’s soft power and ecological diplomacy.
• Supports India’s commitment to SDGs (especially SDG 13 – Climate Action, SDG 15 – Life on Land).

UPSC Prelims Q. Consider the following statements about the Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve:

 1. It is located in the Lahaul-Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh. 

 2. It has recently been included in UNESCO’s World Network of Biosphere Reserves.

 3. India has a total of 18 biosphere reserves, out of which 13 are now part of WNBR. Which of the above statements are correct?

 A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) 1, 2 and 3 

 Answer: D) 1, 2 and 3

Ethambutol Hydrochloride

Syllabus: GS Paper II – Health; GS Paper III – Economy (Anti-dumping measures) Context:
India has launched an anti-dumping investigation into imports of tuberculosis drug Ethambutol Hydrochloride from China and Thailand, citing concerns of unfair trade practices affecting domestic producers. Key Points

• Ethambutol Hydrochloride is an antibacterial prescription medicine used in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB).
  
  
• It is a synthetic, water-soluble, heat-stable compound.
  
  
• Effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including both pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB.
  
  
• Plays a crucial role in combination therapies to prevent drug resistance.
  
  
• Resistance develops rapidly if used alone; hence always prescribed with other anti-TB drugs.
  
  
  

Source: The Hindu

Ecuador 

  Syllabus: GS Paper I – Geography; GS Paper II – International Relations Context:

Indigenous groups in Ecuador are strongly opposing President Noboa’s plan to expand oil drilling in the Amazon, citing ecological and cultural concerns. Key Points

• Location: Northwestern edge of South America.
  
  
• History: Part of the Inca Empire before becoming a Spanish colony.
  
  
• Geographic Regions: Coastal lowlands, Central Andes Mountains (Cordillera Occidental & Cordillera Oriental), Amazon lowlands.
  
  
• Borders: Colombia (north), Peru (south & east), Pacific Ocean (west).
  
  
• Islands: Includes the Galápagos Islands.
  
  
• Highest Point: Mount Chimborazo (6,268 m).
  
  
• Volcano: Cotopaxi, one of the highest active volcanoes.
  
  
• Climate: Tropical on the coast, cooler at higher elevations, tropical in Amazonian lowlands.
  
  
• Natural Resources: Petroleum, fish, timber, hydropower.
  
  
• Major Rivers: Babahoyo, Chira, Coca, Curaray.
  
  
  
• Capital: Quito.
  
  
  

Source: Down To Earth

Syphilis

Syllabus: GS Paper II – Health; GS Paper III – Science & Technology (Medical) Context:

Although sexually transmitted disease rates among U.S. adults fell last year, syphilis in newborns continues to rise, highlighting ongoing challenges in maternal and child health. Key Points

• Definition: Preventable and curable bacterial STI caused by Treponema pallidum.
  
  
• Latency: Infection can remain in the body for years without symptoms, but may reactivate.
  
  
• Transmission: Through sexual contact, touching sores/rashes, or mother-to-child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.
  
  
• Symptoms:
  
  
• Starts as a painless sore on genitals, rectum, or mouth.
  
  
• May cause lymph node swelling.
  
  
• Untreated cases cause non-itchy skin rash, often on hands/feet.
  
  
• Can remain asymptomatic for years; symptoms may recur.
  
  
• Severe untreated cases damage heart, brain, and other organs, potentially life-threatening.
  
  
• Pregnancy risk: Untreated or late-treated syphilis causes 50–80% adverse birth outcomes.
  
  
• Treatment: Easily curable with antibiotics, primarily penicillin, especially in early stages.
  
  
  

Source: The Hindu

Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA), 1958 

  Syllabus: GS Paper II – Polity & Governance; GS Paper III – Internal Security Context:

The Assam government has extended AFSPA in three districts for another six months to maintain law and order in disturbed areas. Key Points

• Enacted in 1958, AFSPA gives armed forces special powers and immunity in disturbed areas.
  
  
• Application: Only after an area is declared “disturbed” under Section 2 of the Act.
  
  
• Declaration:
  
  
• Made by Central Government, State Governor, or UT administrator.
  
  
• Based on conflicts among religious, racial, linguistic, regional, or caste communities.
  
  
• Area remains disturbed for at least 3 months under the Disturbed Areas (Special Courts) Act, 1976.
  
  
  
• Special Powers:
  
  
• Prohibit gatherings of 5 or more persons.
  
  
• Use force, including lethal, after due warning.
  
  
• Arrest without warrant and search premises without warrant.
  
  
• Ban possession of firearms.
  
  
• Hand over arrested persons to police with a detailed report.
  
  
  
• Immunity: Armed forces cannot be prosecuted without Union Government sanction.
  
  
• Current regions: Assam, Manipur, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, and Jammu & Kashmir UT.
  
  
  

Source: The New Indian Express

Prayas Neuro Rehabilitation Centre

Syllabus: GS Paper II – Health;

 GS Paper III – Science & Technology (Medical Innovations) Context:
The Ministry of Ayush launched Prayas, India’s first integrated neuro-rehabilitation centre at AIIA Goa, combining Ayurveda, Yoga, and modern therapies for paediatric neurological care. Key Points

• Integrated Centre: Multi-disciplinary, patient-centric neuro-rehabilitation hub.
  
  
• Unique Combination: Unifies Ayurveda, Physiotherapy, Yoga, Speech Therapy, Occupational Therapy, and modern Paediatrics.
  
  
• Host Institution: All India Institute of Ayurveda (AIIA), Goa.
  
  
• Launched by: Ministry of Ayush.
  
  
• Aim: Provide comprehensive neuro-rehabilitation for children with neurological and developmental conditions.
  
  
• Evidence-based Approach: Combines traditional knowledge with modern rehabilitation sciences.
  
  
• Functions:
• Deliver integrative paediatric care for neurological challenges.
  
  
• Act as a research and training hub for Ayush-based innovations.
  
  
• Serve as a model of holistic healthcare aligned with National Health Policy.
  
  
• Provide family support through multidisciplinary therapies.
  
  
  

Source: PIB

Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari Initiative 

  Syllabus: GS Paper II – Governance; GS Paper III – Environment & Conservation Context:

Bidar district of Karnataka has won the Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari Award under the Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch the Rain campaign, recognizing its water conservation efforts. Key Points

• Launched in 2024 under the Ministry of Jal Shakti.
  
  
• Aim: Enhance water recharge through rainwater harvesting, aquifer recharge, borewell recharge, recharge shafts etc.
  
  
• Objective: Ensure every drop of water is conserved via a whole-of-society and whole-of-government approach.
  
  
• Promotes stakeholder participation – government, local communities, industries, NGOs, RWAs.
  
  
• Boosts groundwater levels by capturing rainwater and runoff.
  
  
• Encourages water conservation culture through community participation.
  
  
• Enhances climate resilience by providing buffers against droughts and heavy rainfall.
  
  
• Improves water quality by natural filtration during aquifer recharge.