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National Green Tribunal
Syllabus: GS Paper-2-Polity
Why in News?:
NGT has initiated some innovative steps to make NGT people friendly with faster disposal of matters.
About: · It is a specialized body established under the National Green Tribunal Act 2010.
· New Delhi is the Principal sitting of the NGT.
· While it also has four other places of Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata and Chennai.
Structure: · It consists of Chairperson, Judicial Members and Expert Members
· The Chairperson is appointed by the Central Government in consultation with the CJI.
· A selection committee will be formed by the Central Government to appoint the Judicial Members and Expert Members.
· There should be at least 10 and maximum 20 full time Judicial and Expert Members.
Tenure: · The chairperson and the members of the NGT can hold the office for the term of 5 years or till the age of 65 whichever is earlier.
· They are not eligible for the re-appointment.
Powers & Jurisdiction:
· It has jurisdiction over all civil cases relating to the environment.
· It has appellate jurisdiction to hear appeal as a court.
· It is not bound by the procedure laid down under the Code of Civil Procedure 1908.
· An order/decision given by the NGT is executable as a decree of the civil court.
Source: PIB
Remission
Syllabus: GS Paper-2-Polity
Why in News?
· The Supreme Court has sentenced jail for life for four people without remission
. About:
· Some of the important terms for the sentence in jail are as follows:
Pardon: · It removes both the sentence and conviction.
· It completely absolves the convicts from all sentences, punishments and disqualifications.
· President has the power to pardon under Article 72 of the constitution.
Commutation: · It indicates the substitution of one form of punishment to a lighter form.
· For example: A death sentence can be commuted to life imprisonment. · It can even be commuted to a simple imprisonment.
Remission:
· It denotes the reducing the period of sentence without changing its character.
· For example: the imprisonment for two years may be remitted to imprisonment of one year.
Respite:
· It implies a lesser sentence instead of original punishment because of some special fact.
· Example: Physical disability of a convict, Pregnancy of a woman offender etc.
Reprieve:
· It indicates a stay of the execution of a sentence especially death for a temporary period of time.
· Its main purpose is to enable the convict to have time to seek pardon or commutation from the President.
Anti-Conversion Law
Syllabus: GS Paper-2-Polity
Why in News?
CBI has booked seven members for forced religious conversion
Anti-Conversion Law:
· It mainly aims at prohibiting the religious conversions.
· Since 2017, five states have introduced the Anti-Conversion Law.
Some of the features of Anti-Conversion Law are: ·
It prohibits conversion from one religion to other by force, fraud or marriage.
· The punishment will be more for those converting minors, women and persons from SC/ST.
· Double punishment will be imposed for repeated offences.
Marriages will be declared null and void if it is done by conversion
· The offence is cognizable and non-bailable.
Challenges: · Article 25(1): Petitioners argued that it restricts on Fundamental right of Article 25(1) which include the right to convert under the word propagation.
· But Karnataka high court has held that Article 25 does not give any right to convert.
· It only used to transmit or spread one’s religion by an exposition of tenets.
· Article 21: It restricts right to liberty
· The Apex court of India had held several times that courts have no jurisdiction over the adult absolute right to choose the life partner.
Background:
· The Orissa Freedom of Religion Act,1967: It is first such type of law which prohibits the conversion from one religion to other religion.
· The Arunachal Pradesh Freedom of Religion Act,1978 · Gujarat Freedom of Religion Act,2003
· Chhattisgarh Religion Freedom Act,2006.
Article 25: · It deals with the following implications:
a) Freedom of conscience: It allows freedom to an individual to follow their own religious beliefs.
b) Right to profess: One can declare their religious beliefs openly and freely.
c) Right to practice: One can perform the religious worship, rituals, ceremonies etc.
d) Right to propagate: It involves sharing and promoting religious beliefs. It does not include right to convert another person into the one’s own religion
JIMEX 2023
Syllabus: GS Paper-3-Security
Why in News?
The seventh edition of Japan-India Maritime Exercise 2023 bilateral exercise has been conducted in the Visakhapatnam from 5th-10th July.
About: · JIMEX is a Maritime exercise which is conducted by the Indian Navy and the Japan Maritime Self-Defence Force.
· It was started in the year 2012.
· This year marks the 11th anniversary of JIMEX.
· Its main aim is to develop a common understanding of operational procedures.
· It wants to enhance the interoperability by conducting advanced exercises.
· The exercise involves weapon firings, cross deck helicopter operations, anti-submarine and air warfare drills etc.
JIMEX 2023:
· It involves the participation of:
· INS Delhi-It is the India’s first indigenously built Guided Missile Destroyer.
· INS Kamorta- It is an indigenously designed and built Anti-Submarine Warfare Corvette.
· Fleet Tanker INS Shakti- a submarine
· Maritime patrol aircraft P8I · Dornier
Significance:
· It provides an opportunity for India and Japan to learn the best practices for improving security in the region.
Important exercises between India and Japan:
· Veer Guardian- Air exercise
· Malabar exercise-Maritime exercise (Multilateral Exercise)
Dark Patterns
Syllabus: GS Paper-3-Economy
Why in News?
The Department of Consumer Affairs and Advertising Standards Council of India has come up with the guidelines against dark patterns.
Dark Patterns:
· They are also known as Deceptive Patterns.
· The term Dark Patterns are coined by Harry Brignull, a user experience designer in 2010.
· It is a strategy designed to trick the users to make them do something they don’t want to do.
· It will benefit the company or platform employing the designs.
· It takes away the users right to full information about the services they are using. · Examples: Baseless countdowns for online deals
· Making cancellation buttons hard to see or click
· Charging the credit cards after free trail ends
· Auto-Playing videos etc.
Consequences:
· It endangers the experience of the Internet users.
· It confuses the owners and introduce online obstacles.
· It asks for user sign up for the unwanted services.
Some companies which use dark patterns are:
· Amazon was fired in the European Union after confusing the users in multi-step cancelling process in the Amazon Prime Subscription.
· LinkedIn users receive unsolicited, sponsored messages from the influencers.
· The companies like Facebook, Apple, Microsoft, Google etc are also the users of dark patterns.
Non-Performing Assets
Syllabus: GS Paper-3-Economy
Why in News?
Finance Minister has urged the banks to ensure fair and transparent recognition of NPAs
Non-Performing Assets:
· A non-Performing Asset is a loan or advance for which the principal or interest payment is due for a period of 90 days.
· Banks are generally classifies the economy into:
· Substandard Assets-Assets which are remained NPA for less than or equal to 12 months.
· Doubtful Assets-If an asset has remained in the substandard category for a period of 12 months.
· Loss Assets: It is considered uncollectible and of such little value that its continuance as a bankable asset is not warranted, although there may be some salvage or recovery value.
Reasons for the rise in NPAs:
· Governance issues in Banks
· Distinct business models
· Fall in International commodity prices Impact:
· Lowering of profits
· Higher interest rates
· Investment will stuck
· Pressure on the Judiciary for pending cases.
Initiatives by the Govt of India:
· Lok Adalats-2001
· SARFESI Act-2002
· Compromise Settlement Act-2001.
· Mission Indradhanush-2015
· Insolvency and Bankruptcy code Act-2016.
· Bad Banks-2017 etc.
High Seas Treaty
Syllabus: Prelims-Important Treaties
Why in News?
Some developed countries are opposing this treaty
About:
· This treaty is officially known as the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction Treaty.
· It is the legally binding international agreement.
· It is the treaty on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity areas beyond the national jurisdictions
· It covers the high seas which are beyond the exclusive economic zones or national waters of the countries.
· These areas account for about half of the Earth’s surface.
· It has been signed by about 200 nations.
· It is signed after 15 years of discussion.
Aim:
· To prevent the species extinction which is caused by the overfishing, oil extraction, deep sea mining etc.
Need:
· At present only 1% of these areas are under protection.
· By 2023, 90% of the big fish populations are depleted and 50% of the coral reefs are destroyed.
Important Features:
· It establishes the Marine Protected Areas.
· It puts more money into marine conservation and new rules for mining at sea.
· It provides arrangements for sharing marine genetic resources.
· Regulations for deep sea mining.
· Richer Nations have assisted financially for the delivery of the treaty.
India:
· India has been actively involved in the negotiations for this treaty under the UNCLOS.
United Nations Conventions on the Law of the Sea:
· It is an international agreement which establishes the legal framework for marine and maritime activities.
· It is also known by the name Law of the Sea.
· It divides the water namely-:
1. International Waters
2. Territorial Sea
3. Contiguous Zone
4. Exclusive Economic Zone
5. High Seas.
World Food India
Syllabus: Prelims-Important Organizations
Why in News?
World Food India 2023 roundtable interaction took place on 6th July.
About:
· It is gateway to the Indian Food Economy which attracts the global investments.
· This program includes the gathering of the manufacturers, producers, food processors, policy makers and organizations across the global food ecosystem.
· It promotes collaboration in retail, processing, technology transfer, cold chain storage etc.
· It is organised under the Ministry of Food Processing.
· The first edition of WFI was held in the year 2017.
Key features of WFI 2023:
· Millets-Shree Anna-The Super Food of India.
· Innovation and Sustainability-Green Food
· White Revolution 2.0
· To Make India as export hub
· It focusses on technology and digitization.
Questions
1.Consider the following statements regarding NGT:
1.It is a specialized body established under the National Green Tribunal Act 2009
2. The members of NGT are not eligible for the re-appointment
3. NGT is not bound by the procedure laid down under the Code of Civil Procedure 1908.
Which of the above statements are correct?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
2.Consider the following statements:
Statement I: Pardon completely absolves the convicts from all sentences, punishments and disqualifications.
Statement II: Remission denotes the reducing the period of sentence without changing its character
Which of the above statements are correct?
a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I.
b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I.
c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct.
3.Consider the following statements regarding Right to Freedom of Religion:
1) Every individual has the right to convert another person to one’s own religion.
2) Right to convert comes under Right to Propagate.
3) Article 23-28 deals with Right to Freedom of Religion.
Which of the above statements are incorrect?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
4.Consider the following statements regarding Maritime exercises between India and Japan:
1.Veer Guardian
2.Malabar exercise
3.JIMEX
Which of the above are maritime exercises?
a) Only One
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
5.Consider the following statements regarding Dark Patterns:
Statement I: It is a strategy designed to trick the users to make them do something they don’t want to do.
Statement II: It will benefit the company or platform employing the designs.
Which of the above statements are correct?
a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I.
b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I.
c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct.
6.Consider the following statements regarding Non Performing Assets:
Statement-I: Assets which are remained NPA for less than or equal to 12 months are known as Doubtful Assets.
Statement-II: If an asset has remained in the substandard category for a period of 12 months are known as Doubtful Assets.
Which of the above statements are correct?
a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I.
b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I.
c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
7.Consider the following on the treaty of High Seas:
1.It is the legally binding national agreement.
2. It covers the high seas which are beyond the exclusive economic zones or national waters of the countries
3. It establishes the Marine Protected Areas
Which of the above statements are incorrect?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
8.Consider the following statements regarding World Food India :
Statement I: The first edition of WFI was held in the year 2016.
Statement II: It is organised under the Ministry of Food Processing.
Which of the above statements are correct?
a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I.
b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I.
c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
COMMENT THE ANSWERS BELOW
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